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Lesson 39 Introduction to the Periodic Table & Families of Elements Previous All Content Next Chapter 7 SABIS Grade 10 Part 2 Lesson 39 Introduction to the Periodic Table & Families of Elements Chapter 7 Structure of the atom and the periodic table Lesson 1 Content 7.1 Structure of the Atom 7.2 FILM: Chemical Families 7.2.1 Classification of the elements 7.2.2 Investigating the gaseous elements 7.2.3 Investigating H2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 7.2.4 Investigating Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs 7.2.5 In conclusion 7.3 The Periodic Table 7.4 The Simplest Chemical Family - The Noble Gases 7.4.1 Physical properties Boiling Points Melting Points 7.4.2 Number of electrons and stability of noble gases Neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon Sodium chloride forms stable ions 7.5 The alkali metals 7.5.1 Group 1 elements 7.5.2 Theoretical explanation of electrical conductivity 7.5.3 Properties of the alkali metals 7.5.4 Chemistry of the alkali metals 📚Pre-Requisite Questions: Can you list some of the families in the periodic table? 📚 What's special about the Noble Gases? 💎 What makes Alkali Metals different from the Halogens? 🤷♀️ Break for Reflection 🤔✍️ (Answers: 1. Some families in the periodic table are the Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Halogens, and Noble Gases. 2. Noble Gases are special because they have a full valence electron shell and are mostly non-reactive. 3. Alkali Metals are very reactive and have one electron in their outer shell, while Halogens are also reactive and have seven electrons in their outer shell.) 🚀 Lesson Begins! 💫 Chemical Families Just as human families have common traits, elements in the same chemical family share common properties. This is because they have the same number of valence electrons. It's like family members having the same eye color! 👀 ⚗️ The Noble Gases Noble gases are like the aristocrats of the periodic table - they're a bit aloof and tend not to react with other elements because their electron shells are full. They're the cool kids, hard to impress! 🕶️ 🔥 The Alkali Metals The Alkali Metals, on the other hand, are the life of the party! 🎉 They have one electron in their outer shell and are ready to react at the drop of a hat. They're like your friend who's always up for a new adventure. 🎢 🌩️ The Halogens Then come the Halogens, who are just one electron short of having a full outer shell. They're eager to form a bond with any element that can provide that one extra electron. They're like someone looking for their perfect match! 🤝 💡In conclusion: Chemistry is not just about memorizing the periodic table or complex equations. It's about understanding the relationships and interactions between different elements. It's about seeing the beauty in the organization and the patterns that emerge. It's about appreciating the elegant dance of atoms and molecules. 🌐 Review Questions: Which family of elements is generally non-reactive because their electron shells are full? a. Alkali Metals b. Halogens c. Noble Gases d. Transition Metals Why are Alkali Metals so reactive? a. They have a full outer shell b. They are one electron short of a full outer shell c. They have one electron in their outer shell ready to be given away d. They are shiny and malleable Which family of elements is eager to form bonds to gain one extra electron? a. Alkali Metals b. Halogens c. Noble Gases d. Transition Metals (Answers: 1. c, 2. c, 3. b) End of Lesson 2 ⭐Keep studying, keep learning!⭐

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Explain Diffusion in Chemistry and give examples in all states of matter IGCSE 0620 IGCSE CHEMISTRY CAMBRIDGE 1.Particulate Nature of Matter 1.4 Diffusion Back to Chapter 1 Menu The Kinetic Theory Of Matter this is a model that helps us imagine how the matter is arranged and how it behaves and how this arrangement relates to the properties of the three states of mattermain point of the theory are All matter is made up of very tiny particles , which can not be seen by the naked eye. Different substances are available as different types of particles (atoms , molecules or ions). The Particles move all the time the higher the temperature the faster they move on average Heavier particles move more slowly than lighter ones at a ny given termeprature Brownian Motion : Show an understanding of the random motion of particles in a suspension (Known as Brownian motion) as evidence of the kinetic particle model of matter As per kinetic theory All matter is made up of very tiny particles , which can not be seen by the naked eye. Particles in Gases move randomly and they collide with each other . This motion can not be seen even by microscope , but any small substance that will be placed in the liquids and gases like pollen grain will be bombarded by the randomly moving particles and so they themselves will also move . The movement of the small particles can be seen under microscope and this movement is an evidence for the kinetic model of matter (As it shows there are individual particles that make up solids liquids and gases) The scientist Robert Brown observed in the year 1827 rapid random movement of pollen grains within water ,he could not explain this but later Einstein showed that there are separate particles within the water that were moving randomly and caused the grain to move. You can see in the picture above how the yellow sphere is moving due to being bombarded by the fast random moving particles. Brownian Motion 1 Dust particles in beam of light can be seen if magnified as moving randomly Brownian Motion 2 Actually this random movement of the dust particles is because of being bombarded by the air particles moving randomly in all directions around it Brownian Motion 3 This random motion is called the Brownian motion and is an evidence for the presence of particles as a making units for all Matter Brownian Motion 1 Dust particles in beam of light can be seen if magnified as moving randomly 1/3 Brownian Motion Click The picture if did not Load automatically Click the arrows to move between slides Scientist Robert Brown Brownian motion of pollen grains in water So now you can define Brownian motion as Brownian motion is the random movement of particles in a fluid due to their collisions with other atoms or molecules. Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. For this to occur the particles must be able to move so this occurs only in gases liquids and does not occur in solids because particles have no gaps in between them enough for the diffusion to occur. What causes diffusion? In gases and liquids, particles move randomly from place to place. The particles collide with each other or with their container. This makes them change direction. Eventually, the particles are spread through the whole container. Diffusion happens on its own, without stirring, shaking. Examples for Diffusion Solid particles Diffusing in Liquid particles When small solid pieces of solid iodine or potassium manganate(VII) are dissolved in water the solid particles diffuse in between the water particles and cause the solution to be colored with the iodine color Solid particles of Iodine Diffusing in-between water particles Examples for Diffusion Solid particles Diffusing in Gas particles When you are throwing some small stones in the air , the solid particles of stones diffuses in between the air gas particles Examples for Diffusion Gas particles Diffusing in Liquid particles The particles of Carbon dioxide gas diffusing in water of a Carbonated drink is a perfected example. Examples for Diffusion Gas particles Diffusing in another Gas particles An example is the diffusion of bromine gas or Nitrogen Dioxide gas particles through air particles Examples for Diffusion Liquid particles Diffusing in Gas particles Drops in rain falling in between air particles Examples for Diffusion Liquid particles Diffusing in another liquid particles that what happens when you mix 2 liquids together The rate of diffusion of gases Gases diffuse because the particles collide with other particles, and bounce off in all directions Note that gases do not all diffuse at the same rate. The speed with which the gases diffuse depends on these two factors: 1 The mass of the particles The particles in hydrogen chloride gas are twice as heavy as those in ammonia gas. Cotton wool soaked in ammonia solution is put into one end of a long tube (at A below). It gives off ammonia gas.  At the same time, cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid is put into the other end of the tube (at B). It gives off hydrogen chloride gas.  HCl and NH3 gases placed in wool cotton on both sides of the tube The lower the mass of its particles, the faster a gas will diffuse. When particles collide and bounce away, the lighter particles will bounce further. The particles in the two gases above are molecules. The mass of a molecule is called its relative molecular mass. So The lower its relative molecular mass, the faster a gas will diffuse. Ammonium chloride formed as white smoke closer to HCl gas The gases diffuse along the tube. White smoke forms where they meet: The white smoke forms closer to B. So the ammonia particles have travelled further than the hydrogen chloride particles – which means they have travelled faster. 2 The temperature When a gas is heated its particles take in heat energy, and move faster. They collide with more energy, and bounce further away. So the gas diffuses faster. The higher the temperature, the faster a gas will diffuse. Comparison of particles movement upon change of temperature List of Topics Download as PDF

Lesson 32 Previous All Content Next Chapter 6 SABIS Grade 10 Part 2 Lesson 32

< Back Chapter 13 prerequisite Previous Next 🎆🌟📘 Prerequisites for Chapter 13: Nitrogen and Phosphorus 📘🌟🎆Before diving into 🚀 Chapter 13 , which deals with Nitrogen and Phosphorus , students must have a solid understanding of the following concepts:🔬 1. Basic Atomic Structure 🧪Understand protons, neutrons, and electrons.🔬 2. The Periodic Table 📊Be familiar with the layout of the periodic table and the properties of elements based on their position.🔬 3. Chemical Bonding 💞Understand ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding.🔬 4. Oxidation States ⚖️Understand the common oxidation states of nitrogen and phosphorus.🌈🌟 20 Multiple Choice Questions for Chapter 13: Nitrogen and Phosphorus (Based on Prerequisites) 🌟🌈🤔 Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge? a) Proton b) Neutron c) Electron d) Nucleus🧐 Which element is in Group 15 and Period 2 of the periodic table? a) Nitrogen b) Oxygen c) Carbon d) Phosphorus😯 What type of chemical bond is formed by the sharing of electrons? a) Ionic bond b) Covalent bond c) Metallic bond d) Hydrogen bond🤓 How many valence electrons does nitrogen have? a) 3 b) 5 c) 2 d) 7😲 What is the most common oxidation state of phosphorus? a) +3 b) +5 c) -3 d) +1🧪 Which element is known as a pnictogen? a) Chlorine b) Phosphorus c) Bromine d) Iodine🎈 Which subatomic particle is found in the nucleus and has no charge? a) Proton b) Neutron c) Electron d) Quark🌡️ What type of chemical bond is formed by the transfer of electrons? a) Ionic bond b) Covalent bond c) Metallic bond d) Hydrogen bond💧 How many valence electrons does phosphorus have? a) 3 b) 5 c) 2 d) 7🌟 What is the oxidation state of nitrogen in nitrate (NO3-)? a) +3 b) +5 c) -3 d) +1🍶 Which element is essential for life and is a key component of amino acids and nucleic acids? a) Nitrogen b) Oxygen c) Carbon d) Phosphorus🧲 What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that nitrogen can form? a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5🎇 What is the most common oxidation state of nitrogen? a) +3 b) +5 c) -3 d) +1🌊 Which element is usedin fertilizers to promote plant growth? a) Nitrogen b) Oxygen c) Phosphorus d) Carbon🌱 Which subatomic particle is found in the nucleus and has a positive charge? a) Proton b) Neutron c) Electron d) Quark🌡️ What type of chemical bond is formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them? a) Ionic bond b) Covalent bond c) Metallic bond d) Hydrogen bond🎨 Which element is used in matches and fireworks? a) Chlorine b) Fluorine c) Bromine d) Phosphorus🧊 What is the oxidation state of phosphorus in phosphate (PO4^3-)? a) +3 b) +5 c) -3 d) +1🚀 Which element is a key component of DNA and RNA? a) Nitrogen b) Phosphorus c) Oxygen d) Carbon🧨 What is the term for the outermost electrons in an atom that are involved in chemical bonding? a) Core electrons b) Valence electrons c) Free electrons d) Bonding electrons🌈🌟 Answers 🌟🌈c) Electrona) Nitrogenb) Covalent bondb) 5b) +5b) Phosphorusb) Neutrona) Ionic bondb) 5b) +5a) Nitrogenb) 3c) -3c) Phosphorusa) Protonc) Metallic bondd) Phosphorusb) +5b) Phosphorusb) Valence electrons

Questions Answers Past Papers Revision Sheets Homework Bookonline Tuition Chemistry Lessons worldwide for SABIS IGCSE GCSE O LEVEL A LEVEL AND AP CHEMISTRY EDEXCEL AQA CAMBRIDGE SYLLABI K-Chemistry.Com Expert Chemistry Tuition Center and Study Materials Source What would you like to explore today ? Question Help Topic Review Clarify A Point Final Exam Term Exam Self Assess CHEMISTRY GUIDES, BUNDLES & STUDY NOTES IGCSE 0620 Notes Grade 12 SABIS Notes Grade 11 SABIS Notes Trending Now The 60-Day IGCSE Organic Chemistry Challenge DAY 1 Free Preview The 60-Day IGCSE Organic Chemistry Challenge DAY 2 Free Preview The 30-Day IGCSE Final Revision Free Preview Youtube video Click here for Online and Face to Face Tuition The First Chemistry Dedicated Online Tutoring Center أول مركز تعليمي اونلاين متخصص بالكيمياء أمثله لحصص المراجعة أمثله للفيديوهات التعليمية أمثله لمذكرات المراجعة أمثله للاختبارات الاسبوعيه "Are you struggling to master chemistry on your own? Do you feel like you're falling behind in class or just not reaching your full potential? Don't worry, you're not alone. That's where we come in. Our expert chemistry tuition is designed to help you unlock your full potential and master the science of chemistry. We use a proven system and personalized approach to break down the barriers to success and guide you on the straight line to chemistry mastery. From beginners to pros, our tuition is tailored to meet your individual needs and help you achieve your goals. With our help, you can overcome any chemistry obstacle and succeed in the subject like never before." Download Study and Revision Notes Study at your own pace . Study from the comfort of your home . Reduce study costs Say no To long commute hours. Study from Home from the comfort of your chair Study At your own Pace Personalized teaching . Save time commuting Say No to time waste. Reduced Costs Sessions for a price of a Lunch

743a0451-b4e0-4b29-929a-2c59ac099ed1 < Back Previous Next Chemical reactions Next Topic

Unit 4 AP CHEMISTRY Study Materials Explore our wide range of study materials for Unit 4 AP Chemistry. From textbooks to lab equipment, we have everything you need to excel in your studies. Practice Tests Test your knowledge with our practice tests tailored for Unit 4 AP Chemistry. Identify your strengths and weaknesses to enhance your exam preparation. Revision Guides Our revision guides are designed to help you grasp complex concepts easily. Simplify your revision process and boost your understanding of AP Chemistry. Online Resources Access our online resources anytime, anywhere. Stay updated with the latest educational tools and materials to support your AP Chemistry journey. Browse through our collection now! Unit 4.1 Study Guide Understand the basics behind chemical reactions and solutions in a straightforward way. Molarity, dilution, and reaction types are explained with clear examples and simple activities—no fluff, no heavy jargon. This free resource helps you feel prepared for your next test or assignment. Unit 4 Exam-Style FRQs Coming Soon . . Unit 4 Video Explainer Guide Coming Soon . . Unit 4 Progress Check MCQ . . . Unit 4 Practice Worksheet Coming Soon . . Unit 4 Progress Check FRQ Coming Soon . . Unit 4 Flashcards Coming Soon . .

Websites and tools used (ALWAYS UPDATED) Communication is very important in our interaction , teaching and learning please see websites and tools that we are going to use throughout the syllabus Tools and websites we will use Kanayatichemistry.blogspot.com https://kahoot.it/ Quizziz Google drive

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Laboratory Skills and Techniques Previous All Content Next Chapter 1 Part 2 SABIS Grade 10 Laboratory Skills and Techniques 🧪Lesson 2:🧪 List of Commonly used Laboratory Apparattus 🔬 1.Evaporating dish: Used in crystallization 🧪🌬️ Behold the Magnificent Evaporating Dish! 🌡️✨ This little hero, made of heat-resistant materials like glass or porcelain, holds secret powers in the lab. 🧪🔥 When we heat it up, magic happens! The liquid inside dances with excitement and slowly transforms into vapor, leaving behind solid treasures that were once dissolved within. 🌫️✨ This epic process allows us to perform the art of separation, bidding farewell to the liquid and welcoming the solid. 💦👋 The mighty evaporating dish fearlessly endures scorching temperatures, standing tall as a vital companion in countless scientific quests! 🌟 2.Burette: To measure variable volumes of liquids from 0 to 50 ml to the closet 0.05 cm3 per reading. Determining the Volume of liquid used requires two readings to be taken and subtracting one from the other, therefore, the uncertainty per measured V is ±0.1 cm3 🔍📏 Unlocking the Mysteries of Uncertainty! 🧪🔬 When we mention "uncertainty per measured V is ±0.1 cm³," a thrilling adventure in the world of measurement begins! 🌟🔍 It's like a secret door leading us into the realm of margin of error and uncertainty. 🚪✨ The value of ±0.1 cm³ acts as our guide, whispering that the true volume might be as much as 0.1 cm³ greater or smaller than what we measured. It's a thrilling dance of possibilities and surprises! 🎭🌠 So, let's embrace the unknown, for within the realm of uncertainty lies the magic of discovery! ✨🔍💫 🧪📏 Behold the Marvelous Burette! 🌟🔬 This long and slender glass tube is the maestro of precision, guiding scientists in their quest for accurate liquid measurements. 🎯✨ With its mystical valve at the bottom, the flow of liquid is controlled like a symphony, ensuring impeccable accuracy. 🎶🔐 Burettes take center stage in the captivating world of chemistry experiments, gracefully adding or measuring minuscule volumes of liquids with unparalleled precision. 💧🎭 They play a vital role in epic tasks like titrations, where every drop counts and accurate results are the ultimate treasure. 🏆🧪 Let's salute the remarkable burette, the guardian of meticulous measurements in the wondrous realm of chemistry! 🙌💫 3.Pipette: To measure specific Volume of liquid (exactly 5, 10, 25 or 50 cm3) with great accuracy, uncertainty of ∓0.05 cm3. It has one calibration mark. 🧪💧 Get Ready to Master the Art of Liquid Sorcery with the Amazing Pipette! 🪄🌟 This enchanting tool, resembling a thin tube with a bulb or magical mechanism, holds the key to measuring and transferring tiny drops of liquid with absolute finesse. ✨🔮 To unleash its powers, you simply squeeze the bulb or work its mystical mechanism, guiding the pipette's tip into the liquid abyss. 🧪🌊 As you release the bulb or mechanism, the pipette skillfully draws up the exact amount of liquid you desire, like a wizard conjuring a spell. 🌈💫 Pipettes are your trusty companions when precision is paramount, ensuring accurate measurements and seamless transfers of minuscule liquid wonders during mesmerizing experiments. 🧪🔬 Let's embark on a journey of liquid mastery with the remarkable pipette by our side! 🚀🔍 4. Measuring cylinder: To measure various volumes of liquids, accuracy depending on size and graduation of the cylinder (rather inaccurate) 📊🌈 Prepare to Conquer Volumetric Heights with the Majestic Measuring Cylinder! 🧪🔍 This tall and noble container stands proudly, adorned with volume markings that guide us through the world of liquid measurement. 🏰🌟 Its primary duty is to measure and gracefully cradle larger volumes of liquid, holding the secrets of precise measurements within its majestic walls. 💧✨ As you pour the liquid into this regal cylinder, your eyes are drawn to the enchanting meniscus, the captivating curve that adorns the liquid's surface. 🌌🌊 Reading the volume becomes a thrilling quest, as you decipher the secret message at the bottom of this liquid spectacle. 🧪🔬 Let us bow to the magnificence of the measuring cylinder, the loyal guardian of volumetric knowledge in the kingdom of chemistry! 🙌🔍💫 5. Volumetric flask: To prepare solutions with a specific volume, e.g. 250 cm3 , 1000 cm3 , etc., to the nearest 0.10 cm3. 🧪🧪 Prepare to Dive into the World of Precise Liquid Measurements with the Captivating Volumetric Flask! 🔬✨ This exceptional flask, featuring a flat bottom and an elegant long neck, holds the key to unparalleled accuracy in measuring and containing specific volumes of liquid. 🌊🌟 The volumetric flask stands as a symbol of perfection, ensuring that precise measurements are achieved when crafting solutions or dilutions. 🎯🧪 It is the go-to companion when accuracy becomes an art form, promising reliable results and impeccable scientific adventures. 🚀💧 Let's embrace the remarkable volumetric flask, the epitome of precision and the guardian of precise measurements in the vast realm of chemistry! 🙌🔍💫 6. Separating funnel: To separate two immiscible liquids Separating funnel: A separating funnel is a cone-shaped container with a stopcock at the bottom. It is used to separate immiscible liquids (liquids that do not mix) by taking advantage of their different densities. After pouring the liquids into the funnel, you open the stopcock to allow the lower density liquid to separate and collect at the bottom. 7. Beaker: To measure only approximate volumes of liquids, not to be used for precise quantities. It can be also used as a container. 🥼🌪️ Dive into the World of Mixing Marvels with the Versatile Beaker! 🧪🌟 This cylindrical container, boasting a flat bottom and a trusty spout, holds infinite possibilities within its glassy embrace. 💧✨ Known for its prowess in the art of mixing, heating, and cradling larger volumes of liquids or solids, the beaker reigns supreme. 🏆🔥 In the vast realm of the laboratory, beakers of various sizes stand as versatile companions, ready to fulfill a myriad of scientific missions. 🚀🌡️ Let us celebrate the beaker's unwavering presence, an emblem of experimentation and the heart and soul of the laboratory's rhythmic symphony! 🙌🔍🎶 8. Test tube holder: used to hold test tubes while heating them. 🧪🤝 Step into the Realm of Secure Test Tube Handling with the Mighty Test Tube Holder! 🔬✨ This formidable tool stands ready to ensure the safety and stability of test tubes in the thrilling world of experimentation. 🏋️♀️💪 Equipped with a versatile clamp or trusty tongs, it possesses the power to be adjusted and firmly grip the test tube, never letting go. 🚀🔒 The holder becomes an indispensable companion during heating, stirring, and the daring task of transporting test tubes, guaranteeing their safe passage through the realm of scientific exploration. 🌡️🌪️ Let us honor the mighty test tube holder, the unsung hero that upholds the banner of safety and stability in the grand arena of chemical experiments! 🙌🔍💥 9. Wire Gauze: used to allow uniform heat distribution when using a Bunsen-burner. 🔥🔗 Embrace the Fiery Dance with the Spectacular Wire Gauze! 🧪🌟 This fantastic creation, with its square or circular mesh of metal wires, takes center stage in the sizzling chemistry performance. 🎭✨ Placed gracefully on a tripod or support stand, it assumes the role of a reliable platform, lending its support to glassware during the passionate embrace of the Bunsen burner's flame. 🔥💃 As the dance of heat begins, the wire gauze takes on a magical role, orchestrating an enchanting symphony of even heat distribution. 🔥🎶 It ensures that no glassware dares to face the flame directly, safeguarding them from the fiery embrace. 🚫🔥 Let us applaud the remarkable wire gauze, the unsung hero that brings harmony to the realm of heating in the fascinating world of chemistry! 🙌🔍🌈 Common sizes of a pipette: 5, 10, 25 and 50ml. A drop of liquid has a volume of 0.050 ml. From the most to least accurate apparatus: pipette, beaker, cylinder, and burette. Go to Lesson 3 🔎