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⚛️ Lesson 7 ⚛️ < Back Atomic Structure Lesson 7 ⚛️ Lesson 7 ⚛️ Section Test 1 , Test 2 Previous Next Quiz 1 : Atomic Structure, Isotopes, and Subatomic Particles 1️⃣ Boron is an element in Group 13 of the Periodic Table. a) Define the term "isotope." 🌟 b) Provide the number of i) protons, ii) neutrons, and iii) electrons in one neutral atom of the isotope 11B. 🧪 c) State the relative masses and charges of: i) an electron 🌌 ii) a neutron 🌌 iii) a proton 🌌 2️⃣ Zirconium (Zr) and hafnium (Hf) are metals. a) i) Write the isotopic symbol for the isotope of zirconium with 40 protons and 91 nucleons. 🌟 ii) How many neutrons are present in one atom of this isotope? 🌟 b) Hafnium ions, 18072Hf2+, are produced in a mass spectrometer. How many electrons are present in one of these hafnium ions? 🌟 c) Describe the behavior of a beam of protons passing through the gap between charged plates and explain what happens when a beam of neutrons passes through the same gap. 🌌 3️⃣ a) Describe the structure of an atom, including details of the subatomic particles present. 🌟 b) Explain the terms atomic number and nucleon number. 🌌 c) Copy and complete the table: Neutral atom | Atomic number | Nucleon number | Numbers of each subatomic particle present Mg | 12 | 24 | Al | 13 | 27 | d) Explain why atoms are neutral. 🌌 e) Explain why an oxygen atom cannot have 9 protons. 🌌 f) Explain why electrons are not used when calculating the relative mass of an atom. 🌌 4️⃣ The symbols below describe two isotopes of the element uranium. 235 92U 238 92U a) Define the term "isotope." 🌟 b) i) In what ways are these two isotopes of uranium identical? 🌟 ii) In what ways do they differ? 🌟 c) State the number of electrons present in one U2+ ion. 🌌 5️⃣ The table below shows the two naturally occurring isotopes of chlorine. a) Copy and complete the table: 35 17Cl 37 17Cl number of protons | number of electrons | number of neutrons | b) Based on the relative atomic mass of chlorine (35.5), what can you infer about the relative abundance of the two naturally occurring isotopes of chlorine? 🌟 c) i) Explain why a magnesium ion is positively charged. 🌌 ii) Explain why a chloride ion has a single negative charge. 🌌 Note: 🌟 indicates questions with fill-in-the-blank format, and 🌌 indicates multiple-choice questions. Good luck! 🧪🔬 Answers 1️⃣ Boron is an element in Group 13 of the Periodic Table. a) The term "isotope" refers to different forms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. b) i) Protons: 5, ii) Neutrons: 6, iii) Electrons: 5. 2️⃣ Zirconium (Zr) and hafnium (Hf) are metals. a) i) The isotopic symbol for the isotope of zirconium with 40 protons and 91 nucleons is 9123Zr. ii) The number of neutrons in one atom of this isotope is 51. b) The hafnium ion (18072Hf2+) contains 68 electrons. c) - i) The beam of protons passing through the gap between the charged plates is deflected towards the negative plate due to the electric field. ii) When a beam of neutrons passes through the gap between the charged plates, it remains unaffected as neutrons are neutral particles. 3️⃣ a) The structure of an atom consists of subatomic particles: protons and neutrons located in the nucleus, and electrons orbiting the nucleus. b) - Atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom's nucleus. Nucleon number (mass number) represents the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. c) Neutral atom | Atomic number | Nucleon number | Numbers of each subatomic particle present Mg | 12 | 24 | 12 protons, 12 neutrons, 12 electrons Al | 13 | 27 | 13 protons, 14 neutrons, 13 electrons d) Atoms are neutral because they have an equal number of protons and electrons, resulting in a net charge of zero. e) An oxygen atom cannot have 9 protons because the number of protons determines the element's identity, and oxygen is defined by having 8 protons. f) Electrons are not used when calculating the relative mass of an atom because their mass is significantly smaller compared to protons and neutrons. Their contribution to the total mass is negligible. 4️⃣ The symbols below describe two isotopes of the element uranium. 235 92U 238 92U a) The term "isotope" refers to different forms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. b) - i) These two isotopes of uranium are identical in terms of the number of protons (92) and the chemical properties. ii) They differ in terms of their mass number (235 and 238) and the number of neutrons. c) One U2+ ion has 90 electrons. 5️⃣ The table below shows the two naturally occurring isotopes of chlorine. a) 35 17Cl 37 17Cl number of protons | 17 | 17 number of electrons | 17 | 17 number of neutrons | 18 | 20 b) The relative atomic mass of 35.5 suggests that the two isotopes of chlorine have approximately equal abundance. c) - i) A magnesium ion is positively charged because it has lost two electrons, resulting in more protons than electrons. ii) A chloride ion has a single negative charge because it has gained one electron, resulting in more electrons than protons. Well done on completing the quiz! Keep up the great work! 🔬🎉 Quiz 2 : Atomic Structure, Isotopes, and Subatomic Particles 1️⃣ Boron is an element in Group 13 of the Periodic Table. a) Boron has two isotopes. 🔄❓ What do you understand by the term isotope ? [1] b) State the number of: i) protons, ii) neutrons, and iii) electrons in one neutral atom of the isotope 11 5B. [3] c) State the relative masses and charges of: i) an electron, ii) a neutron, and iii) a proton. [2] 2️⃣ Zirconium, Zr, and hafnium, Hf, are metals. An isotope of zirconium has 40 protons and 91 nucleons. ⚛️❓ a) i) Write the isotopic symbol for this isotope of zirconium. [1] ii) How many neutrons are present in one atom of this isotope? [1] b) Hafnium ions, 18072Hf2+ , are produced in a mass spectrometer. How many electrons are present in one of these hafnium ions? [1] c) The subatomic particles present in zirconium and hafnium are electrons, neutrons, and protons. A beam of protons is fired into an electric field produced by two charged plates, as shown in the diagram below: ) Describe how the beam of protons behaves when it passes through the gap between the charged plates. Explain your answer. [2] ii) Describe and explain what happens when a beam of neutrons passes through the gap between the charged plates. [2] 3️⃣ a) Describe the structure of an atom, giving details of the subatomic particles present. 🏢🔬 [6] b) Explain the terms: Atomic number, and Nucleon number. [2] c) Copy and complete the table: d) Explain why atoms are neutral. [1] e) An oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. Explain why it cannot have 9 protons. [1] f) When calculating the relative mass of an atom, the electrons are not used in the calculation. Explain why not. [1] 4️⃣ The symbols below describe two isotopes of the element uranium. 235 92U 238 92 U a) State the meaning of the term isotope . [1] b) i) In what ways are these two isotopes of uranium identical? [2] ii) In what ways do they differ? [2] c) In a mass spectrometer, uranium atoms can be converted to uranium ions, U2+ . State the number of electrons present in one U2+ ion. [1] 5️⃣ The table below shows the two naturally occurring isotopes of chlorine. a) Copy and complete the table: b) The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5. What does this tell you about the relative abundance of the two naturally occurring isotopes of chlorine? [2] c) Magnesium chloride contains magnesium ions, Mg2+ , and chloride ions, Cl– . i) Explain why a magnesium ion is positively charged. [1] ii) Explain why a chloride ion has a single negative charge. [2] Total = 50 🌟 ✨ Quiz Answers: ✨ 1a) Isotope refers to different forms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. 1b) i) Protons: 5, ii) Neutrons: 6, iii) Electrons: 5 1c) i) Electron: Relative mass = 1/1837 amu, Charge = -1 e ii) Neutron: Relative mass = 1 amu, Charge = 0 iii) Proton: Relative mass = 1 amu, Charge = +1 e 2a) i) 91Zr ii) Neutrons: 51 2b) Electrons: 72 2c) i) The beam of protons is deflected towards the negatively charged plate due to their positive charge. ii) Neutrons are electrically neutral, so they are not affected by the electric field and continue on a straight path. 3a) An atom consists of a nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons in energy levels or shells. 3b) - Atomic number: Number of protons in an atom's nucleus. - Nucleon number: Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. 3c) e) The number of protons determines the identity of an element. Changing the number of protons would result in a different element. f) Relative mass calculations focus on the mass of the nucleus, which is primarily determined by protons and neutrons. Electrons contribute negligible mass. 4a) Isotope refers to different forms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. 4b) i) Both isotopes have the same number of protons (92) and belong to the element uranium. ii) They differ in the number of neutrons: Uranium-235 has 143 neutrons, while uranium-238 has 146 neutrons. 4c) U2+ ion has 90 electrons. 5a) | | 35 | 17 Cl | 37 | 17 b) The relative atomic mass of 35.5 indicates that there is a mixture of the two isotopes of chlorine, with a higher abundance of the isotope with a mass number of 35.c) i) A magnesium ion is positively charged because it has lost two electrons, resulting in a net positive charge. ii) A chloride ion has a single negative charge because it has gained one electron, resulting in a net negative charge.I hope you enjoyed the quiz! 🎉

Lesson 16 🧠 Exothermic and Endothermic Processes 🧠 Previous All Content Next Chapter 4 SABIS Grade 10 Part 1 Lesson 16 🧠 Exothermic and Endothermic Processes 🧠 Today, we will explore how energy dances in different chemical reactions. No need to Click Anything , we will know the answer at the end No need to Click Anything , we will know the answer at the end Prerequisite Material Quiz 🚀🧠✨ Answers D Explanation: Exothermic vs. Endothermic Processes 🧐👩🔬 🔥💥🎆 Exothermic Processes 🎆💥🔥 In an action-packed exothermic process, energy leaves the stage like a superstar! 🚀 These reactions release heat, warming up the surroundings like a cozy blanket. 🌡️🔥 Examples include combustion reactions (think of wood burning in a fireplace! 🔥🪵) and processes like freezing (imagine water turning into ice! ❄️💧). 🧊❄️⛄ Endothermic Processes ⛄❄️🧊 Endothermic processes, on the other hand, are like energy magnets! 🧲 They pull in heat from the surroundings, making things cooler. 🌬️❄️ Examples include melting (picture an ice cream cone on a hot day 🍦☀️) and boiling water (think of a steaming hot pot! 🍲💨). 🌍🔥❄️ Real-Life Examples 🌍🔥❄️ Exothermic: * Burning of gasoline (Vroom! Vroom! 🚗💨) * Digestion of food (Yum! Yum! 🍔🍕) * Freezing of water (Ice cubes, anyone? ❄️🥤) Endothermic: * Melting of ice cream (Slurp! 🍦😋) * Boiling of water (Time for tea! 🍵☕) * Photosynthesis in plants (Grow, little plant, grow! 🌱🌞) 📝✅ Post-Lesson Quiz 🧠💥 🎆✨ The Big Energy Dance Quiz! ✨🎆 🎩💫 What magic name do we give to the process where heat says "Goodbye! 👋" and leaves a reaction? A) Endothermic 🏔️ B) Photosynthesis 🌿☀️ C) Exothermic 🌋💥 D) Thermodynamic 🌡️🔄 And what about the process where heat says "Hello! 👋" and enters a reaction from the surroundings? A) Exothermic 🌋💥 B) Photosynthesis 🌿☀️ C) Combustion 🔥💨 D) Endothermic 🏔️ True or False 🤔💡: In an exothermic reaction, the surroundings turn into a winter wonderland ❄️🏔️ as they get cooler. 🧐💭 Which of these everyday processes is your fridge 🍦❄️ most likely to be performing? A) Exothermic process 🌋💥 B) Endothermic process 🏔️ 😋🍵 As you sip a hot cup of tea, what kind of process are you reversing in your mouth? A) Exothermic process 🌋💥 B) Endothermic process 🏔️ 🍔🍟 When you're digesting that delicious burger and fries, is your body performing an exothermic or endothermic process? A) Exothermic 🌋💥 B) Endothermic 🏔️ 🚗💨 When you're driving your car, the gasoline is burning. Is this an exothermic or endothermic process? A) Exothermic 🌋💥 B) Endothermic 🏔️ ❄️🍦When your ice cream is melting on a hot summer day, what kind of process is it? A) Exothermic 🌋💥 B) Endothermic 🏔️ 🌱🌞 The process of photosynthesis in plants is what kind of reaction? A) Exothermic 🌋💥 B) Endothermic 🏔️ 🔥💧 When water is boiling in a kettle, what kind of process is taking place? A) Exothermic 🌋💥 B) Endothermic 🏔️ Answers: C) Exothermic 🌋💥 D) Endothermic 🏔️ False ❌ B) Endothermic process 🏔️ A) Exothermic process 🌋💥 A) Exothermic 🌋💥 A) Exothermic 🌋💥 B) Endothermic 🏔️ B) Endothermic 🏔️ B) Endothermic 🏔️ 🌈🎉 Congratulations! You've successfully completed Lesson 16: The Energy Dance - Exothermic and Endothermic Processes! 🎉🌈 🤗 We hope you had a blast learning about the exchange of energy in chemical reactions! Keep your curiosity alive and never stop exploring! 🚀🌌🔭 👋 Until next time! 👋 💙 Happy Learning! 💙

Particulate Nature of Matter for IGCSE CIE Learning Outcomes

Lesson 39 Introduction to the Periodic Table & Families of Elements Previous All Content Next Chapter 7 SABIS Grade 10 Part 2 Lesson 39 Introduction to the Periodic Table & Families of Elements Chapter 7 Structure of the atom and the periodic table Lesson 1 Content 7.1 Structure of the Atom 7.2 FILM: Chemical Families 7.2.1 Classification of the elements 7.2.2 Investigating the gaseous elements 7.2.3 Investigating H2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 7.2.4 Investigating Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs 7.2.5 In conclusion 7.3 The Periodic Table 7.4 The Simplest Chemical Family - The Noble Gases 7.4.1 Physical properties Boiling Points Melting Points 7.4.2 Number of electrons and stability of noble gases Neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon Sodium chloride forms stable ions 7.5 The alkali metals 7.5.1 Group 1 elements 7.5.2 Theoretical explanation of electrical conductivity 7.5.3 Properties of the alkali metals 7.5.4 Chemistry of the alkali metals 📚Pre-Requisite Questions: Can you list some of the families in the periodic table? 📚 What's special about the Noble Gases? 💎 What makes Alkali Metals different from the Halogens? 🤷♀️ Break for Reflection 🤔✍️ (Answers: 1. Some families in the periodic table are the Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Halogens, and Noble Gases. 2. Noble Gases are special because they have a full valence electron shell and are mostly non-reactive. 3. Alkali Metals are very reactive and have one electron in their outer shell, while Halogens are also reactive and have seven electrons in their outer shell.) 🚀 Lesson Begins! 💫 Chemical Families Just as human families have common traits, elements in the same chemical family share common properties. This is because they have the same number of valence electrons. It's like family members having the same eye color! 👀 ⚗️ The Noble Gases Noble gases are like the aristocrats of the periodic table - they're a bit aloof and tend not to react with other elements because their electron shells are full. They're the cool kids, hard to impress! 🕶️ 🔥 The Alkali Metals The Alkali Metals, on the other hand, are the life of the party! 🎉 They have one electron in their outer shell and are ready to react at the drop of a hat. They're like your friend who's always up for a new adventure. 🎢 🌩️ The Halogens Then come the Halogens, who are just one electron short of having a full outer shell. They're eager to form a bond with any element that can provide that one extra electron. They're like someone looking for their perfect match! 🤝 💡In conclusion: Chemistry is not just about memorizing the periodic table or complex equations. It's about understanding the relationships and interactions between different elements. It's about seeing the beauty in the organization and the patterns that emerge. It's about appreciating the elegant dance of atoms and molecules. 🌐 Review Questions: Which family of elements is generally non-reactive because their electron shells are full? a. Alkali Metals b. Halogens c. Noble Gases d. Transition Metals Why are Alkali Metals so reactive? a. They have a full outer shell b. They are one electron short of a full outer shell c. They have one electron in their outer shell ready to be given away d. They are shiny and malleable Which family of elements is eager to form bonds to gain one extra electron? a. Alkali Metals b. Halogens c. Noble Gases d. Transition Metals (Answers: 1. c, 2. c, 3. b) End of Lesson 2 ⭐Keep studying, keep learning!⭐

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Explain Diffusion in Chemistry and give examples in all states of matter IGCSE 0620 IGCSE CHEMISTRY CAMBRIDGE 1.Particulate Nature of Matter 1.4 Diffusion Back to Chapter 1 Menu The Kinetic Theory Of Matter this is a model that helps us imagine how the matter is arranged and how it behaves and how this arrangement relates to the properties of the three states of mattermain point of the theory are All matter is made up of very tiny particles , which can not be seen by the naked eye. Different substances are available as different types of particles (atoms , molecules or ions). The Particles move all the time the higher the temperature the faster they move on average Heavier particles move more slowly than lighter ones at a ny given termeprature Brownian Motion : Show an understanding of the random motion of particles in a suspension (Known as Brownian motion) as evidence of the kinetic particle model of matter As per kinetic theory All matter is made up of very tiny particles , which can not be seen by the naked eye. Particles in Gases move randomly and they collide with each other . This motion can not be seen even by microscope , but any small substance that will be placed in the liquids and gases like pollen grain will be bombarded by the randomly moving particles and so they themselves will also move . The movement of the small particles can be seen under microscope and this movement is an evidence for the kinetic model of matter (As it shows there are individual particles that make up solids liquids and gases) The scientist Robert Brown observed in the year 1827 rapid random movement of pollen grains within water ,he could not explain this but later Einstein showed that there are separate particles within the water that were moving randomly and caused the grain to move. You can see in the picture above how the yellow sphere is moving due to being bombarded by the fast random moving particles. Brownian Motion 1 Dust particles in beam of light can be seen if magnified as moving randomly Brownian Motion 2 Actually this random movement of the dust particles is because of being bombarded by the air particles moving randomly in all directions around it Brownian Motion 3 This random motion is called the Brownian motion and is an evidence for the presence of particles as a making units for all Matter Brownian Motion 1 Dust particles in beam of light can be seen if magnified as moving randomly 1/3 Brownian Motion Click The picture if did not Load automatically Click the arrows to move between slides Scientist Robert Brown Brownian motion of pollen grains in water So now you can define Brownian motion as Brownian motion is the random movement of particles in a fluid due to their collisions with other atoms or molecules. Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. For this to occur the particles must be able to move so this occurs only in gases liquids and does not occur in solids because particles have no gaps in between them enough for the diffusion to occur. What causes diffusion? In gases and liquids, particles move randomly from place to place. The particles collide with each other or with their container. This makes them change direction. Eventually, the particles are spread through the whole container. Diffusion happens on its own, without stirring, shaking. Examples for Diffusion Solid particles Diffusing in Liquid particles When small solid pieces of solid iodine or potassium manganate(VII) are dissolved in water the solid particles diffuse in between the water particles and cause the solution to be colored with the iodine color Solid particles of Iodine Diffusing in-between water particles Examples for Diffusion Solid particles Diffusing in Gas particles When you are throwing some small stones in the air , the solid particles of stones diffuses in between the air gas particles Examples for Diffusion Gas particles Diffusing in Liquid particles The particles of Carbon dioxide gas diffusing in water of a Carbonated drink is a perfected example. Examples for Diffusion Gas particles Diffusing in another Gas particles An example is the diffusion of bromine gas or Nitrogen Dioxide gas particles through air particles Examples for Diffusion Liquid particles Diffusing in Gas particles Drops in rain falling in between air particles Examples for Diffusion Liquid particles Diffusing in another liquid particles that what happens when you mix 2 liquids together The rate of diffusion of gases Gases diffuse because the particles collide with other particles, and bounce off in all directions Note that gases do not all diffuse at the same rate. The speed with which the gases diffuse depends on these two factors: 1 The mass of the particles The particles in hydrogen chloride gas are twice as heavy as those in ammonia gas. Cotton wool soaked in ammonia solution is put into one end of a long tube (at A below). It gives off ammonia gas.  At the same time, cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid is put into the other end of the tube (at B). It gives off hydrogen chloride gas.  HCl and NH3 gases placed in wool cotton on both sides of the tube The lower the mass of its particles, the faster a gas will diffuse. When particles collide and bounce away, the lighter particles will bounce further. The particles in the two gases above are molecules. The mass of a molecule is called its relative molecular mass. So The lower its relative molecular mass, the faster a gas will diffuse. Ammonium chloride formed as white smoke closer to HCl gas The gases diffuse along the tube. White smoke forms where they meet: The white smoke forms closer to B. So the ammonia particles have travelled further than the hydrogen chloride particles – which means they have travelled faster. 2 The temperature When a gas is heated its particles take in heat energy, and move faster. They collide with more energy, and bounce further away. So the gas diffuses faster. The higher the temperature, the faster a gas will diffuse. Comparison of particles movement upon change of temperature List of Topics Download as PDF

Lesson 32 Previous All Content Next Chapter 6 SABIS Grade 10 Part 2 Lesson 32

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< Back Chapter 13 prerequisite Previous Next 🎆🌟📘 Prerequisites for Chapter 13: Nitrogen and Phosphorus 📘🌟🎆Before diving into 🚀 Chapter 13 , which deals with Nitrogen and Phosphorus , students must have a solid understanding of the following concepts:🔬 1. Basic Atomic Structure 🧪Understand protons, neutrons, and electrons.🔬 2. The Periodic Table 📊Be familiar with the layout of the periodic table and the properties of elements based on their position.🔬 3. Chemical Bonding 💞Understand ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding.🔬 4. Oxidation States ⚖️Understand the common oxidation states of nitrogen and phosphorus.🌈🌟 20 Multiple Choice Questions for Chapter 13: Nitrogen and Phosphorus (Based on Prerequisites) 🌟🌈🤔 Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge? a) Proton b) Neutron c) Electron d) Nucleus🧐 Which element is in Group 15 and Period 2 of the periodic table? a) Nitrogen b) Oxygen c) Carbon d) Phosphorus😯 What type of chemical bond is formed by the sharing of electrons? a) Ionic bond b) Covalent bond c) Metallic bond d) Hydrogen bond🤓 How many valence electrons does nitrogen have? a) 3 b) 5 c) 2 d) 7😲 What is the most common oxidation state of phosphorus? a) +3 b) +5 c) -3 d) +1🧪 Which element is known as a pnictogen? a) Chlorine b) Phosphorus c) Bromine d) Iodine🎈 Which subatomic particle is found in the nucleus and has no charge? a) Proton b) Neutron c) Electron d) Quark🌡️ What type of chemical bond is formed by the transfer of electrons? a) Ionic bond b) Covalent bond c) Metallic bond d) Hydrogen bond💧 How many valence electrons does phosphorus have? a) 3 b) 5 c) 2 d) 7🌟 What is the oxidation state of nitrogen in nitrate (NO3-)? a) +3 b) +5 c) -3 d) +1🍶 Which element is essential for life and is a key component of amino acids and nucleic acids? a) Nitrogen b) Oxygen c) Carbon d) Phosphorus🧲 What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that nitrogen can form? a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5🎇 What is the most common oxidation state of nitrogen? a) +3 b) +5 c) -3 d) +1🌊 Which element is usedin fertilizers to promote plant growth? a) Nitrogen b) Oxygen c) Phosphorus d) Carbon🌱 Which subatomic particle is found in the nucleus and has a positive charge? a) Proton b) Neutron c) Electron d) Quark🌡️ What type of chemical bond is formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them? a) Ionic bond b) Covalent bond c) Metallic bond d) Hydrogen bond🎨 Which element is used in matches and fireworks? a) Chlorine b) Fluorine c) Bromine d) Phosphorus🧊 What is the oxidation state of phosphorus in phosphate (PO4^3-)? a) +3 b) +5 c) -3 d) +1🚀 Which element is a key component of DNA and RNA? a) Nitrogen b) Phosphorus c) Oxygen d) Carbon🧨 What is the term for the outermost electrons in an atom that are involved in chemical bonding? a) Core electrons b) Valence electrons c) Free electrons d) Bonding electrons🌈🌟 Answers 🌟🌈c) Electrona) Nitrogenb) Covalent bondb) 5b) +5b) Phosphorusb) Neutrona) Ionic bondb) 5b) +5a) Nitrogenb) 3c) -3c) Phosphorusa) Protonc) Metallic bondd) Phosphorusb) +5b) Phosphorusb) Valence electrons

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