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022bf54a-5339-4d29-87a8-c6322acbc6e9 Chemical Equation Summary Can be read in terms of atoms, molecules or moles

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112c5ce6-0310-434d-b951-c08bd77e01e2 Volume Summary The amount of space occupied by a substance.

Chapter 1 ... Chapter 4 .. Chapter 5 Mixtures and Solutions Chapter 2 ... Chapter 4 ... Chapter 5 Separation Techniques 1 Filtration Decantation Centrifugation Chapter 3 ... Chapter 4 ... Chapter 5 Separation Techniques 2 Distillation chromatography

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Chapter 3 SABIS Grade 10 Part 2 🧐 Lesson 11 🧐 Chapter Three Part Two: Identifying Substances and Mixtures 🎈 Prerequisite Quiz:🔹 Q1: 🤔 What is a pure substance? Ⓐ A substance that consists of multiple types of atoms. Ⓑ A substance that is composed of only one type of atom. Ⓒ A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Ⓓ Both B and C Answer: Ⓓ Both B and C. 👍 A pure substance is composed of only one type of atom and cannot be broken down into simpler substances. 🔹 Q2: 🤔 Which state of matter consists of atoms tightly packed together? Ⓐ Gas Ⓑ 🎯 Solid Ⓒ Liquid Ⓓ Plasma Answer: Ⓑ Solid. 👍 In solids, atoms are tightly packed together. 🔹 Q3: 🤔 What is a molecule? Ⓐ A single type of atom. Ⓑ 🎯 A group of atoms bonded together. Ⓒ A group of elements combined together. Ⓓ A single type of element. Answer: Ⓑ A group of atoms bonded together. 👍 A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together. 🔹 Q4: 🤔 What is a homogeneous mixture? Ⓐ A mixture where you can identify individual components. Ⓑ 🎯 A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout. Ⓒ A mixture that has different components in different phases. Ⓓ None of the above. Answer: Ⓑ A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout. 👍 A homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition throughout. 🔹 Q5: 🤔 What is a heterogeneous mixture? Ⓐ 🎯 A mixture where you can identify individual components. Ⓑ A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout. Ⓒ A mixture that has different components in different phases. Ⓓ None of the above. Answer: Ⓐ A mixture where you can identify individual components. 👍 A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture where you can identify individual components. 🔹 Q6: 🤔 What are physical properties? Ⓐ 🎯 Properties that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. Ⓑ Properties that can only be observed during a chemical reaction. Ⓒ Properties that change the identity of the substance. Ⓓ None of the above. Answer: Ⓐ Properties that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. 👍 Physical properties can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. 🔹 Q7: 🤔 How can substances be separated in a mixture? Ⓐ 🎯 By physical means. Ⓑ By chemical means. Ⓒ Both A and B. Ⓓ None of the above. Answer: Ⓐ By physical means. 👍 Substances in a mixture can be separated by physical means. 🔹 Q8: 🤔 What is the basic unit of a chemical element? Ⓐ Molecule Ⓑ Compound Ⓒ 🎯 Atom Ⓓ Particle Answer: Ⓒ Atom. 👍 The basic unit of a chemical element is an atom. 🔹 Q9: 🤔 What does it mean when a substance has a fixed composition? Ⓐ It has the same proportion of elements regardless of the sample size. Ⓑ It has different proportions of elements depending on the sample size. Ⓒ It cannot be separated into its components. Ⓓ 🎯 Both A and C. Answer: Ⓓ Both A and C. 👍 When a substance has a fixed composition, it means it has the same proportion 🧐 The Lesson: Think of pure substances like your best friends 😁, you can always identify them based on their unique characteristics 🧑👧. Similarly, we identify pure substances through their physical constants such as boiling point, melting point, etc 🌡️. A pure substance can either be an element or a compound. An element is like a super VIP person 👑, they cannot be split into simpler substances by physical means or through chemical reactions. It's a pure substance made up of one kind of atoms, pretty unique huh? On the other hand, a compound is like a football team ⚽, where you've got different players (atoms) working together. It's a pure substance containing more than one type of atoms. Some compounds don't even form molecules! For example, table salt (NaCl) and sand (SiO2). Now, let's talk about mixtures 🍕. Mixtures are like a pizza, made up of at least two different ingredients (pure substances). They don't have a fixed composition; you can put whatever toppings you like on your pizza! You can have homogeneous mixtures (solutions) 🥤, where all components mix so well, they exist in one phase. Just like a well-blended smoothie, you can't pick out individual fruits! But sometimes, you get heterogeneous mixtures 🥗, where components exist in more than one phase. Like a salad, where you can see and pick out different ingredients. Topics included 🔍 Topic 1: Pure Substances and Their Identification Pure substances 🧪, like your best friends, have unique characteristics that can be used to identify them. These are called physical constants and include properties like boiling point, melting point, etc. 🔍 Topic 2: Elements Elements 🌟 are like super VIPs; they can't be broken down into simpler substances, not even by chemical reactions. They are a pure substance made up of only one kind of atoms. 🔍 Topic 3: Compounds Compounds are like a soccer team ⚽, with different types of atoms (players) working together. They're a pure substance made up of more than one type of atoms, and sometimes they don't even form molecules (like table salt or sand). 🔍 Topic 4: Mixtures Mixtures 🍕 are like pizzas, consisting of at least two different ingredients (pure substances). The composition of a mixture is not fixed; it can vary depending on the proportions of the components. 🔍 Topic 5: Homogeneous Mixtures Homogeneous mixtures 🥤 are like a well-blended smoothie. All the components are so well mixed, they exist in a single phase, and you can't pick out individual ingredients. 🔍 Topic 6: Heterogeneous Mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures 🥗 are like salads, where the different components exist in more than one phase. You can see and pick out different ingredients. End of Lesson Quiz: 🔹 Q1: 🤔 What distinguishes a pure substance from a mixture? Ⓐ A pure substance cannot be separated into its components, but a mixture can. Ⓑ A pure substance has a fixed composition, but a mixture doesn't. Ⓒ Both A and B. Ⓓ Neither A nor B. Answer: Ⓒ Both A and B. 👍 A pure substance cannot be separated into its components and has a fixed composition, while a mixture can be separated and its composition can vary. 🔹 Q2: 🤔 An element is... Ⓐ A type of mixture. Ⓑ 🎯 A pure substance made up of one kind of atoms. Ⓒ A type of compound. Ⓓ A mixture of different atoms. Answer: Ⓑ A pure substance made up of one kind of atoms. 👍 An element is a pure substance made up of one kind of atoms. 🔹 Q3: 🤔 A compound is... Ⓐ A mixture of two or more elements. Ⓑ A pure substance made up of one kind of atoms. Ⓒ 🎯 A pure substance containing more than one type of atoms. Ⓓ None of the above. Answer: Ⓒ A pure substance containing more than one type of atoms. 👍 A compound is a pure substance that contains more than one type of atoms. 🔹 Q4: 🤔 Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture? Ⓐ Sand and water. Ⓑ Oil and water. Ⓒ 🎯 Salt dissolved in water. Ⓓ A bowl of fruit salad. Answer: Ⓒ Salt dissolved in water. 👍 Salt dissolved in water is a homogeneous mixture as it has a uniform composition throughout. 🔹 Q5: 🤔 Which of the following is a heterogeneous mixture? Ⓐ 🎯 A bowl of fruit salad. Ⓑ Salt dissolved in water. Ⓒ A glass of lemonade. Ⓓ Sugar dissolved in tea. Answer: 🎯 A bowl of fruit salad. 👍 A bowl of fruit salad is a heterogeneous mixture as you can identify individual components. 🔹 Q6: 🤔 What is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures? Ⓐ Homogeneous mixtures contain one type of particle, heterogeneous mixtures contain two. Ⓑ Homogeneous mixtures exist in one phase, heterogeneous mixtures in more than one phase. Ⓒ Homogeneous mixtures can't be separated, heterogeneous mixtures can. Ⓓ Homogeneous mixtures are always liquids, heterogeneous mixtures can be any state of matter. Answer: Ⓑ Homogeneous mixtures exist in one phase, heterogeneous mixtures in more than one phase. 👍 🔹 Q7: 🤔 Are all compounds made of molecules? Ⓐ Yes. Ⓑ No. Ⓒ Only if they are made from nonmetals. Ⓓ Only if they are made from metals. Answer: Ⓑ No. 👍 Some compounds, such as those formed from metals and nonmetals (e.g. NaCl), don't form molecules. 🔹 Q8: 🤔 Pure substances have a fixed... Ⓐ Color. Ⓑ Smell. Ⓒ Taste. Ⓓ Composition. Answer: Ⓓ Composition. 👍 The composition of a pure substance is fixed and doesn't vary. 🔹 Q9: 🤔 Mixtures have a fixed... Ⓐ Composition. Ⓑ Color. Ⓒ 🎯 None of the above. Ⓓ All of the above. Answer: Ⓒ None of the above. 👍 The composition, color, etc. of mixtures can vary. 🔹 Q10: 🤔 A compound can be broken down into... Ⓐ Molecules. Ⓑ 🎯 Its constituent elements. Ⓒ Other compounds. Ⓓ All of the above. Answer: 🎯 Its constituent elements. 👍 A compound can be broken down into its constituent elements through chemical reactions. 🔹 Q11: 🤔 Elements can be broken down into... Ⓐ Molecules. Ⓑ Compounds. Ⓒ 🎯 They can't be broken down into simpler substances. Ⓓ All of the above. Answer: Ⓒ They can't be broken down into simpler substances. 👍 An element is the simplest form of matter and cannot be broken down into anything simpler. 🔹 Q12: 🤔 Which of the following is true about mixtures? Ⓐ They are pure substances. Ⓑ They are made up of one type of particle. Ⓒ 🎯 Their composition can vary. Ⓓ Their composition is always the same. Answer: 🎯 Their composition can vary. 👍 The composition of mixtures can vary as they are made up of two or more substances. 🔹 Q13: 🤔 A solution is an example of a... Ⓐ Compound. Ⓑ Heterogeneous mixture. Ⓒ Element. Ⓓ 🎯 Homogeneous mixture. Answer: Ⓓ Homogeneous mixture. 👍 A solution is a homogeneous mixture as it has a uniform composition throughout. 🔹 Q14: 🤔 Sand and water form a... Ⓐ Solution. Ⓑ 🎯 Heterogeneous mixture. Ⓒ Compound. Ⓓ Element. Answer: Ⓑ Heterogeneous mixture. 👍 Sand and water form a heterogeneous mixture as the composition is not uniform. 🔹 Q15: 🤔 The physical constants of a substance refer to its... Ⓐ Color. Ⓑ Smell. Ⓒ 🎯 Boiling point, melting point, density, etc. Ⓓ Taste. Answer: Ⓒ Boiling point, melting point, density, etc. 👍 The physical constants of a substance, like its boiling point, melting point, and density, are properties that can be used to identify it. 🔹 Q16: 🤔 The components of a mixture can be separated by... Ⓐ Chemical reactions. Ⓑ 🎯 Physical methods. Ⓒ They can't be separated. Ⓓ Both chemical reactions and physical methods. Answer: Ⓑ Physical methods. 👍 The components of a mixture can be separated by physical methods, like filtration or distillation. 🔹 Q17: 🤔 A compound consists of two or more... Ⓐ Compounds. Ⓑ Mixtures. Ⓒ Elements. Ⓓ 🎯 Elements chemically combined. Answer: Ⓓ Elements chemically combined. 👍 A compound is a pure substance that is made up of two or more different elements that are chemically combined. 🔹 Q18: 🤔 In a mixture, the substances... Ⓐ Lose their original properties. Ⓑ 🎯 Retain their original properties. Ⓒ Chemically combine to form a new substance. Ⓓ Change into new substances. Answer: Ⓑ Retain their original properties. 👍 In a mixture, the substances retain their original properties. 🔹 Q19: 🤔 In a compound, the elements... Ⓐ Retain their original properties. Ⓑ 🎯 Lose their original properties. Ⓒ Are physically combined. Ⓓ Can be separated by physical methods. Answer: Ⓑ Lose their original properties. 👍 In a compound, the elements lose their original properties and have properties that are different from the elements that make them up. 🔹 Q20: 🤔 Elements and compounds are... Ⓐ Mixtures. Ⓑ Types of mixtures. Ⓒ 🎯 Pure substances. Ⓓ None of the above. Answer: Ⓒ Pure substances. 👍 Elements and compounds are both pure substances, not mixtures.

Lesson 40 Chapter 7 SABIS Grade 10 Part 2 Review Lesson 40 🔬 Chapter 7 part 2 Review 1️⃣8️⃣: 🌬️ Which are the 10 elements that exist as gases at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)? ➡️ Answer: Hydrogen, Helium, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Neon, Chlorine, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon 🎈 1️⃣9️⃣: 💧 Can you name the 2 elements that exist as liquids at STP? ➡️ Answer: Mercury and Bromine are the ones! 💦 2️⃣0️⃣: 🔌 What properties help us distinguish between metals and non-metals? ➡️ Answer: The key is electrical conductivity. Metals usually conduct electricity, while non-metals don't. ⚡ 2️⃣1️⃣: 🌡️ Which elements exist as liquids at room conditions? ➡️ Answer: Room temperature brings no changes! It's still Mercury and Bromine that exist as liquids. 🌡️ 2️⃣2️⃣: 🧪 Which gaseous elements react with Potassium (K) to form white solids? ➡️ Answer: The elements are Hydrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, and Chlorine. 💨 2️⃣3️⃣: 🏠 In the family of inert elements, which 5 gases are there? ➡️ Answer: The quiet family members are Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon. 2️⃣4️⃣: 🧩 Which 5 elements have one electron less than a noble gas and correspond to atomic numbers (Z) 1, 9, 17, 35, 53? ➡️ Answer: Those elements are Hydrogen (Z=1), Fluorine (Z=9), Chlorine (Z=17), Bromine (Z=35), and Iodine (Z=53). ✨ 2️⃣5️⃣: ➕ What are the 5 elements with one electron more than a noble gas, with Z = 3, 11, 19, 37, 55? ➡️ Answer: These are Lithium (Z=3), Sodium (Z=11), Potassium (Z=19), Rubidium (Z=37), and Cesium (Z=55). 🔋 2️⃣6️⃣: 👥 What are the common properties of Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, and Cesium? ➡️ Answer: They are shiny solids, stored under kerosene or water, and they all react with chlorine. 🎇 2️⃣7️⃣: 🔢 If Element B is placed to the right of Element A in the Periodic Table, what does it imply? ➡️ Answer: Element B has one more proton in its nucleus than Element A. ➡️ 2️⃣8️⃣: 🗃️ Can you clarify what "row" and "group" mean in the Periodic Table context? ➡️ Answer: Elements in one row belong to one period, while elements in one group are in one column. Also, elements in one column share similar chemical properties. 📊 2️⃣9️⃣: 🧲 Where are metals and nonmetals located in the Periodic Table? ➡️ Answer: Generally, metals are on the left, and nonmetals are on the right. ↔️ 3️⃣0️⃣: 🌈 What is true about the transition metals? ➡️ Answer: They fall between groups 2 and 3 in the Periodic Table, can form more than one charged ion, and form colored compounds. 🌈 3️⃣1️⃣: 🌡️ What can you say about the variation of boiling points and melting points of the noble gases with their atomic number? ➡️ Answer: The boiling points and melting points of the noble gases increase with the increase in atomic number. ⬆️ 3️⃣2️⃣: 🔵 What electron arrangement around a nucleus makes the atom or ion stable? ➡️ Answer: Electron arrangement of 2, 10, 18, 36 around a nucleus makes the atom or ion stable. 💠 3️⃣3️⃣: 🎈 Which property of helium is incorrect? ➡️ Answer: The incorrect statement is: In nature, helium exists as He2 molecules and it reacts with oxygen at high temperatures to form He2O. ❌ 3️⃣4️⃣: 💤 What is true about Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn? ➡️ Answer: They each have 10, 18, 36 electrons around the nucleus, respectively, and can react under certain conditions to give very unstable compounds. They are also known as "noble" gases. 👑 3️⃣5️⃣: 🧂 Why is sodium chloride a very stable compound? ➡️ Answer: Sodium chloride is very stable because Na+ ion has 10 electrons around it and the Cl- ion has 18 electrons around it. These configurations mimic those of noble gases. 🧪 3️⃣6️⃣: 🍳 What is true about Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr? ➡️ Answer: They are soft, shiny solids, easily cut with a knife. They are also known as Alkali metals, each having one more electron than a noble gas. They form stable 1+ ions which have a noble gas electron arrangement. 💎 3️⃣7️⃣: 💡 How do scientists explain the electrical conductivity of metals? ➡️ Answer: The electrical conductivity of metals is explained by the presence of free electrons that can move throughout the metallic crystal without specific attachment to particular atoms. ⚡ 3️⃣8️⃣: 🔥 What is the trend in the boiling points and the melting points of alkali metals? ➡️ Answer: The boiling points and melting points of the alkali metals decrease with the increase in atomic number. 🔻 3️⃣9️⃣: ⚗️ Which of the following is true about alkali metals? ➡️ Answer: Alkali metals are very reactive and form very stable compounds. They also react vigorously with oxygen and chlorine. 🌋 4️⃣0️⃣: 🎯 What does it mean for a chemical compound to be "stable"? ➡️ Answer: A chemical compound is said to be "stable" if it has relatively low levels of potential energy. ⚖️

⚛️ Lesson 7 ⚛️ < Back Atomic Structure Lesson 7 ⚛️ Lesson 7 ⚛️ Section Test 1 , Test 2 Previous Next Quiz 1 : Atomic Structure, Isotopes, and Subatomic Particles 1️⃣ Boron is an element in Group 13 of the Periodic Table. a) Define the term "isotope." 🌟 b) Provide the number of i) protons, ii) neutrons, and iii) electrons in one neutral atom of the isotope 11B. 🧪 c) State the relative masses and charges of: i) an electron 🌌 ii) a neutron 🌌 iii) a proton 🌌 2️⃣ Zirconium (Zr) and hafnium (Hf) are metals. a) i) Write the isotopic symbol for the isotope of zirconium with 40 protons and 91 nucleons. 🌟 ii) How many neutrons are present in one atom of this isotope? 🌟 b) Hafnium ions, 18072Hf2+, are produced in a mass spectrometer. How many electrons are present in one of these hafnium ions? 🌟 c) Describe the behavior of a beam of protons passing through the gap between charged plates and explain what happens when a beam of neutrons passes through the same gap. 🌌 3️⃣ a) Describe the structure of an atom, including details of the subatomic particles present. 🌟 b) Explain the terms atomic number and nucleon number. 🌌 c) Copy and complete the table: Neutral atom | Atomic number | Nucleon number | Numbers of each subatomic particle present Mg | 12 | 24 | Al | 13 | 27 | d) Explain why atoms are neutral. 🌌 e) Explain why an oxygen atom cannot have 9 protons. 🌌 f) Explain why electrons are not used when calculating the relative mass of an atom. 🌌 4️⃣ The symbols below describe two isotopes of the element uranium. 235 92U 238 92U a) Define the term "isotope." 🌟 b) i) In what ways are these two isotopes of uranium identical? 🌟 ii) In what ways do they differ? 🌟 c) State the number of electrons present in one U2+ ion. 🌌 5️⃣ The table below shows the two naturally occurring isotopes of chlorine. a) Copy and complete the table: 35 17Cl 37 17Cl number of protons | number of electrons | number of neutrons | b) Based on the relative atomic mass of chlorine (35.5), what can you infer about the relative abundance of the two naturally occurring isotopes of chlorine? 🌟 c) i) Explain why a magnesium ion is positively charged. 🌌 ii) Explain why a chloride ion has a single negative charge. 🌌 Note: 🌟 indicates questions with fill-in-the-blank format, and 🌌 indicates multiple-choice questions. Good luck! 🧪🔬 Answers 1️⃣ Boron is an element in Group 13 of the Periodic Table. a) The term "isotope" refers to different forms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. b) i) Protons: 5, ii) Neutrons: 6, iii) Electrons: 5. 2️⃣ Zirconium (Zr) and hafnium (Hf) are metals. a) i) The isotopic symbol for the isotope of zirconium with 40 protons and 91 nucleons is 9123Zr. ii) The number of neutrons in one atom of this isotope is 51. b) The hafnium ion (18072Hf2+) contains 68 electrons. c) - i) The beam of protons passing through the gap between the charged plates is deflected towards the negative plate due to the electric field. ii) When a beam of neutrons passes through the gap between the charged plates, it remains unaffected as neutrons are neutral particles. 3️⃣ a) The structure of an atom consists of subatomic particles: protons and neutrons located in the nucleus, and electrons orbiting the nucleus. b) - Atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom's nucleus. Nucleon number (mass number) represents the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. c) Neutral atom | Atomic number | Nucleon number | Numbers of each subatomic particle present Mg | 12 | 24 | 12 protons, 12 neutrons, 12 electrons Al | 13 | 27 | 13 protons, 14 neutrons, 13 electrons d) Atoms are neutral because they have an equal number of protons and electrons, resulting in a net charge of zero. e) An oxygen atom cannot have 9 protons because the number of protons determines the element's identity, and oxygen is defined by having 8 protons. f) Electrons are not used when calculating the relative mass of an atom because their mass is significantly smaller compared to protons and neutrons. Their contribution to the total mass is negligible. 4️⃣ The symbols below describe two isotopes of the element uranium. 235 92U 238 92U a) The term "isotope" refers to different forms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. b) - i) These two isotopes of uranium are identical in terms of the number of protons (92) and the chemical properties. ii) They differ in terms of their mass number (235 and 238) and the number of neutrons. c) One U2+ ion has 90 electrons. 5️⃣ The table below shows the two naturally occurring isotopes of chlorine. a) 35 17Cl 37 17Cl number of protons | 17 | 17 number of electrons | 17 | 17 number of neutrons | 18 | 20 b) The relative atomic mass of 35.5 suggests that the two isotopes of chlorine have approximately equal abundance. c) - i) A magnesium ion is positively charged because it has lost two electrons, resulting in more protons than electrons. ii) A chloride ion has a single negative charge because it has gained one electron, resulting in more electrons than protons. Well done on completing the quiz! Keep up the great work! 🔬🎉 Quiz 2 : Atomic Structure, Isotopes, and Subatomic Particles 1️⃣ Boron is an element in Group 13 of the Periodic Table. a) Boron has two isotopes. 🔄❓ What do you understand by the term isotope ? [1] b) State the number of: i) protons, ii) neutrons, and iii) electrons in one neutral atom of the isotope 11 5B. [3] c) State the relative masses and charges of: i) an electron, ii) a neutron, and iii) a proton. [2] 2️⃣ Zirconium, Zr, and hafnium, Hf, are metals. An isotope of zirconium has 40 protons and 91 nucleons. ⚛️❓ a) i) Write the isotopic symbol for this isotope of zirconium. [1] ii) How many neutrons are present in one atom of this isotope? [1] b) Hafnium ions, 18072Hf2+ , are produced in a mass spectrometer. How many electrons are present in one of these hafnium ions? [1] c) The subatomic particles present in zirconium and hafnium are electrons, neutrons, and protons. A beam of protons is fired into an electric field produced by two charged plates, as shown in the diagram below: ) Describe how the beam of protons behaves when it passes through the gap between the charged plates. Explain your answer. [2] ii) Describe and explain what happens when a beam of neutrons passes through the gap between the charged plates. [2] 3️⃣ a) Describe the structure of an atom, giving details of the subatomic particles present. 🏢🔬 [6] b) Explain the terms: Atomic number, and Nucleon number. [2] c) Copy and complete the table: d) Explain why atoms are neutral. [1] e) An oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. Explain why it cannot have 9 protons. [1] f) When calculating the relative mass of an atom, the electrons are not used in the calculation. Explain why not. [1] 4️⃣ The symbols below describe two isotopes of the element uranium. 235 92U 238 92 U a) State the meaning of the term isotope . [1] b) i) In what ways are these two isotopes of uranium identical? [2] ii) In what ways do they differ? [2] c) In a mass spectrometer, uranium atoms can be converted to uranium ions, U2+ . State the number of electrons present in one U2+ ion. [1] 5️⃣ The table below shows the two naturally occurring isotopes of chlorine. a) Copy and complete the table: b) The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5. What does this tell you about the relative abundance of the two naturally occurring isotopes of chlorine? [2] c) Magnesium chloride contains magnesium ions, Mg2+ , and chloride ions, Cl– . i) Explain why a magnesium ion is positively charged. [1] ii) Explain why a chloride ion has a single negative charge. [2] Total = 50 🌟 ✨ Quiz Answers: ✨ 1a) Isotope refers to different forms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. 1b) i) Protons: 5, ii) Neutrons: 6, iii) Electrons: 5 1c) i) Electron: Relative mass = 1/1837 amu, Charge = -1 e ii) Neutron: Relative mass = 1 amu, Charge = 0 iii) Proton: Relative mass = 1 amu, Charge = +1 e 2a) i) 91Zr ii) Neutrons: 51 2b) Electrons: 72 2c) i) The beam of protons is deflected towards the negatively charged plate due to their positive charge. ii) Neutrons are electrically neutral, so they are not affected by the electric field and continue on a straight path. 3a) An atom consists of a nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons in energy levels or shells. 3b) - Atomic number: Number of protons in an atom's nucleus. - Nucleon number: Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. 3c) e) The number of protons determines the identity of an element. Changing the number of protons would result in a different element. f) Relative mass calculations focus on the mass of the nucleus, which is primarily determined by protons and neutrons. Electrons contribute negligible mass. 4a) Isotope refers to different forms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. 4b) i) Both isotopes have the same number of protons (92) and belong to the element uranium. ii) They differ in the number of neutrons: Uranium-235 has 143 neutrons, while uranium-238 has 146 neutrons. 4c) U2+ ion has 90 electrons. 5a) | | 35 | 17 Cl | 37 | 17 b) The relative atomic mass of 35.5 indicates that there is a mixture of the two isotopes of chlorine, with a higher abundance of the isotope with a mass number of 35.c) i) A magnesium ion is positively charged because it has lost two electrons, resulting in a net positive charge. ii) A chloride ion has a single negative charge because it has gained one electron, resulting in a net negative charge.I hope you enjoyed the quiz! 🎉