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Reaction of Alkali metals with hydrogen. Grade 10 SABIS ​ Generally: 2M(s) + 2H2(g) → 2MH(s) alkali metal + hydrogen → alkali metal hydride

Mass of a Nucleus Grade 10 SABIS ​ The mass of a nucleus refers to the total mass of protons and neutrons present within the nucleus of an atom. It is a fundamental property that determines the overall mass of an atom. To understand the mass of a nucleus, let's consider an everyday example: a fruit bowl. Imagine each fruit in the bowl represents a proton or a neutron. The combined mass of all the fruits in the bowl would be analogous to the mass of the nucleus, which is composed of protons and neutrons. The mass of a nucleus is measured in atomic mass units (amu), with 1 amu being approximately equal to the mass of a proton or a neutron. The number of protons, known as the atomic number, determines the element, while the sum of protons and neutrons gives the mass number of an atom. For instance, let's take the element carbon. A carbon nucleus contains 6 protons and usually 6 neutrons, resulting in a total mass of approximately 12 atomic mass units. In a similar manner, let's consider a bag of marbles. Each marble can represent a proton or a neutron. The total weight of all the marbles in the bag would correspond to the mass of the nucleus, which is determined by the combined mass of protons and neutrons. The mass of a nucleus is crucial in understanding the stability and behavior of atoms. Isotopes, which are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, have different masses due to the varying number of neutrons in their nuclei. Mass defects are also observed in nuclei. The mass of a nucleus is slightly less than the combined mass of its individual protons and neutrons. This difference in mass is known as the mass defect and is a consequence of Einstein's famous equation, E=mc². To illustrate, think of a jar filled with marbles representing protons and neutrons. If you were to calculate the combined mass of all the marbles, it would be slightly greater than the actual mass of the filled jar due to the mass defect. The mass defect occurs because some of the mass of the nucleus is converted into binding energy, which holds the nucleus together. This binding energy is released during nuclear reactions, such as fusion or fission, where the total mass of the products differs from the mass of the original nucleus. An everyday example of mass defect and binding energy can be observed in the energy released from a nuclear power plant. The difference in mass between the reactant nuclei (such as uranium) and the product nuclei (after fission) is converted into a large amount of energy. In summary, the mass of a nucleus refers to the combined mass of protons and neutrons within an atom's nucleus. It is a fundamental property that influences the stability and behavior of atoms. Examples like a fruit bowl or a bag of marbles help illustrate the concept of the mass of a nucleus, as well as mass defects and binding energy associated with nuclear reactions. Understanding the mass of a nucleus is essential for comprehending atomic structure, isotopes, and the energy transformations that occur in nuclear processes.

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Inverse Proportion ​ ​ A relationship between two variables where an increase in one variable leads to a decrease in the other variable, and vice versa.

The Maxwell-Boltzman curve can be used to explain the effect of adding a catalyst on reaction rates. Grade 10 SABIS ​

Endothermic Grade 10 SABIS SABIS

Mass lost in nuclear reactions changes to energy according to E = mc2 Grade 10 SABIS ​ Mass lost in nuclear reactions undergoes a profound transformation into energy, as famously expressed by Einstein's equation E = mc^2. This equation demonstrates the equivalence between energy (E) and mass (m) multiplied by the speed of light squared (c^2). According to this equation, a small amount of mass can be converted into an enormous amount of energy. The speed of light (c) is an incredibly large value, approximately 3 x 10^8 meters per second, which makes c^2 an extraordinarily large number. In nuclear reactions, a small fraction of the total mass involved in the reaction is lost. This lost mass is precisely the amount that is converted into energy according to Einstein's equation. The energy released is immense and can be harnessed for various practical applications. The conversion of mass to energy in nuclear reactions arises from the binding energy of atomic nuclei. Nuclei are held together by the strong nuclear force, and breaking this force releases energy. The difference in mass before and after a nuclear reaction represents the mass lost, which is transformed into energy. For instance, in nuclear fission, the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei results in a slight decrease in total mass. This small decrease corresponds to a tremendous release of energy. Nuclear power plants utilize this process to generate electricity by harnessing the energy released from the conversion of mass to energy. Similarly, in nuclear fusion, the combining of light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus involves a small increase in mass. The additional mass is precisely the energy that is required to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between the positively charged nuclei. This release of energy powers the sun and other stars. The conversion of mass to energy in nuclear reactions is responsible for the incredible amount of energy released in processes such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons. It is the basis for the immense power of atomic bombs and the controlled release of energy in nuclear reactors. It's important to note that nuclear reactions involve highly energetic processes and require precise control to ensure safety and to prevent uncontrolled releases of energy. Proper handling and regulation are vital in utilizing nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. In summary, mass lost in nuclear reactions undergoes a remarkable transformation into energy according to Einstein's equation E = mc^2. This equation demonstrates the equivalence between mass and energy and reveals the tremendous potential for energy release in nuclear reactions. Understanding this relationship is crucial in harnessing nuclear energy for various applications and in advancing our knowledge of the fundamental workings of the universe.

In general, reactions that do not involve bond rearrangements tend to be rapid. Grade 10 SABIS ​

Rate of reaction definition SABIS Grade 10 SABIS ​ The phrase “rate of reaction” means how fast is the reaction or the speed of the reaction.

Heating Stage ​ ​ The portion of the curve where the substance is being heated, resulting in an increase in temperature and average kinetic energy of the particles.

Potassium reacts with hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine and chlorine to form white solids. Grade 10 SABIS ​

Conservation of Molecules Grade 10 SABIS SABIS In chemical reactions, the number of molecules remains conserved. This means that the total number of molecules before and after the reaction remains the same.