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Acid Base Equilibrium

< Back Prerequisites for Chapter 5: States of Matter Prerequisite Previous Next 🌟📘 Prerequisites for Chapter 5: States of Matter 📘🌟 Before diving into Chapter 5, which deals with states of matter, students must have a solid understanding of the following concepts: 🔬 1. Basic Particle Theory 🧪 Understand that matter is made up of particles and the differences in particle arrangement in solids, liquids, and gases. 🔬 2. Temperature and Heat 🌡️ Understand the concept of temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. Know the difference between heat and temperature. 🔬 3. Pressure 📐 Understand the concept of pressure and its relationship with force and area. Know how pressure is related to the motion of particles in gases. 🔬 4. Intermolecular Forces 💪 Have a basic understanding of the forces between molecules, such as van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. 🔬 5. Phase Changes 🔄 Understand the processes of melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, and deposition. 🌟 20 Multiple Choice Questions to Check Mastery of Prerequisites 🌟 Which state of matter has a definite shape and volume? a) Solid b) Liquid What happens to the particles of a substance during melting? a) They gain kinetic energy and move apart. b) They lose kinetic energy and move closer. c) They gain potential energy and move closer. d) They lose potential energy and move apart. What is the pressure exerted by a gas due to? a) Collisions of gas particles with each other. b) Collisions of gas particles with the walls of the container. c) The weight of the gas particles. d) The volume of the gas particles. Which of the following is NOT a type of intermolecular force? a) Ionic bond b) Hydrogen bond c) Dipole-dipole interaction d) London dispersion forces What is the process of a liquid turning into a gas called? a) Melting b) Freezing c) Evaporation d) Condensation Which state of matter has particles that are far apart and move freely? a) Solid b) Liquid c) Gas d) Plasma What is the SI unit of pressure? a) Pascal b) Newton c) Joule d) Watt What is the boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure? a) 0°C b) 25°C c) 100°C d) 212°C What happens to the pressure of a gas if the volume is decreased while the temperature is constant? a) Pressure increases. b) Pressure decreases. c) Pressure remains the same. d) Pressure becomes zero. Which phase change involves a solid turning directly into a gas? a) Melting b) Sublimation c) Evaporation d) Deposition What is the process of a gas turning into a liquid called? a) Melting b) Freezing c) Evaporation d) Condensation Which of the following is an example of a substance that exhibits hydrogen bonding? a) H₂O b) O₂ c) N₂ d) He What happens to the kinetic energy of particles as the temperature increases? a) Kinetic energy increases. b) Kinetic energy decreases. c) Kinetic energy remains the same. d) Kinetic energy becomes zero. In which state of matter do particles vibrate around fixed positions? a) Solid b) Liquid c) Gas d) Plasma What is the process of a gas turning directly into a solid called? a) Melting b) Sublimation c) Evaporation d) Deposition Which of the following is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance? a) Heat b) Pressure c) Temperature d) Volume What type of intermolecular force is present between nonpolar molecules? a) Hydrogen bonding b) Dipole-dipole interaction c) Ionic bonding d) London dispersion forces Which of the following will increase the rate of evaporation of a liquid? a) Decreasing the surface area b) Decreasing the temperature c) Increasing the humidity d) Increasing the temperature What is the process of a liquid turning into a solid called? a) Melting b) Freezing c) Evaporation d) Condensation Which of the following best describes the particles in a solid? a) Tightly packed and vibrating in place b) Tightly packed and moving freely c) Far apart and moving freely d) Far apart and vibrating in place 🌟 Answers 🌟 a) Solid a) They gain kinetic energy and move apart. b) Collisions of gas particles with the walls of the container. a) Ionic bond c) Evaporation c) Gas a) Pascal c) 100°C a) Pressure increases. b) Sublimation d) Condensation a) H₂O a) Kinetic energy increases. a) Solid d) Deposition c) Temperature d) London dispersion forces d) Increasing the temperature b) Freezing a) Tightly packed and vibrating in place

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Lesson 47 Previous All Content Next Chapter 8 SABIS Grade 10 Part 3 Lesson 47 Chapter 8 Third Lesson : 🔗 Chemical Bond Energy and Energy Changes in Substances Part 1: 🔍 Chemical Bond Energy 8.2.3 Variation of Potential Energy as Two H Atoms Approach 💫 Approaching Hydrogen Atoms Let's observe the dance of potential energy as two hydrogen atoms get closer and form a bond! 🕺💃 Sample Question 16 🧠 Understanding the Potential Energy Changes When two hydrogen atoms approach each other from an infinite distance: a) Initially, their total potential energy decreases because the attractive forces are initially stronger. b) Initially, their total potential energy increases because the attractive forces are initially stronger. c) At a certain distance, the potential energy of the atoms reaches a minimum value, and this distance is called the bond length. d) At a certain distance, the potential energy of the atoms reaches a maximum value, and this distance is called the bond length. e) If the two atoms approach closer than the bond length, the potential energy of the system increases rapidly. Sample Question 17 🧠 Bond Energy of the Hydrogen Molecule When two hydrogen atoms form a bond, bond energy is the energy needed to: a) Bring the two nuclei to touch each other. b) Make the distance between the two nuclei infinite. c) Burn the hydrogen to water. d) Change them to H2 gas. e) Tie the two hydrogen atoms together. Part 2: 🔍 Bond Energy and Energy Changes in Molecules 8.2.4 Vibrational Energy of Molecules 🎯 Vibrational Energy Let's explore how molecules vibrate with energy! It's like witnessing a molecular dance party in motion! 🎉 8.2.5 Rotational Energy of Molecules 🌀 Rotational Energy Molecules not only vibrate but also spin around! It's like watching tiny molecular acrobats perform graceful spins! 🤸 8.2.6 Heat Content 🌡️ Measuring Heat Content The heat content of a substance is like its inner energy bank, storing energy from various sources! 💰 8.2.7 Motion of Particles of an Ideal Gas 🚀 Motion of Gas Particles In the world of gases, particles zoom around at incredible speeds, like energetic little rockets in motion! 🚀 8.2.8 Energy Changes on Warming 🔥 Energy Changes During Warming As we warm up substances, energy swirls and transforms, like awakening the hidden potential within! 🌪️ Sample Question 18 🧠 Microscopic Changes When a Solid is Warmed Which of the following changes take place when a solid is warmed? a) Warming the solid increases the kinetic energy of the back-and-forth motions of the molecules about their regular crystal positions. b) If the solid is heated a little more, this random movement can destroy some of the nuclei of the atoms. c) At the temperature above which the kinetic energy of the particles causes so much random movement that the lattice is no longer stable, a phase change occurs: the solid melts. Sample Question 19 🧠 Microscopic Changes When a Liquid is Warmed Which of the following changes take place when a liquid is warmed? a) Warming the liquid increases the kinetic energy of the back-and-forth motions of the molecules to the extent where a molecule can move within the liquid from place to place. b) If the liquid is heated a little more, this random movement can destroy some of the nuclei of the atoms. c) At the temperature above which the kinetic energy of the particles causes so much random movement that the molecules of the liquid can move far from each other, a phase change occurs: the liquid evaporates. Sample Question 20 🧠 Microscopic Changes When Gases are Heated Strongly Which of the following changes take place when a gas is heated strongly? a) Warming the gas to the extent where the vibrational energy becomes equal to or more than the bond energy between atoms, the atoms move far apart. b) At temperatures higher than 6000K, the only molecules that can exist are those that have between 2 and 10 atoms. c) At temperatures that reach millions of degrees, nuclear reactions can take place. Sample Question 21 🧠 Relative Magnitude of Heat Involved in Physical & Chemical Changes Which of the following is correct about the relative magnitude of the heat involved in physical and chemical changes? a) Phase changes usually involve energies of tens of kilojoules per mole. b) Chemical reactions usually involve energies of tens of kilojoules per mole. c) Chemical reactions usually involve energies of about a thousand kilojoules per mole. d) Chemical reactions usually involve energies of several million kilojoules per mole. e) Chemical reactions usually involve energies of several hundred to several thousand kilojoules per mole. Thus, we see that the energies involved in chemical reactions are usually 10 to 100 times larger than those involved in phase changes. Congratulations! 🎉 You've completed Lesson 3 and explored the fascinating world of chemical bond energy, energy changes in substances, and the dance of molecules. Keep up the excellent work, and get ready to dive deeper into the captivating realm of chemistry! 🧪🚀

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Lesson 3 LESSON PART 1 3.2.4 Macromolecules • Describe the giant covalent structures of graphite and diamond Allotropes what are allotropes : these are substances which differ in look physically although it is made from the same element and found in the same physical state For example Graphite Diamond and Fullerenes are all made of carbon element only and are all found in the Solid Physical State , but still they are totally different when we check their physical and chemical properties . USES OF GIANT COVALENT STRUCTURES Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon Still these substances are not made from one atom but a lot of carbon atoms , the difference in the way these atoms are bonding together All the substances have covalent bonds between the carbon atoms forming a very large (giant ) covalent lattice structure Giant covalent structures have high melting and boiling points as they have many strong covalent bonds that need to be broken down. Large amounts of heat energy are needed to overcome these forces and break down bonds.

Particulate Nature of Matter for IGCSE CIE Skills required 1. Know that all matter is made of particles 2. Compare All matter states according to arrangement of particles and how close they are together 3. Describe the attraction forces between these particles , and the type and speed of particles motion 4. Compare physical and chemical changes to matter 5. Explain what is meant by Evaporation Boiling Condensation Melting Freezing Sublimation 6. Show how changes of physical states can be explained according to kinetic theory relating effect of temperature change on particles movement , kind of attraction forces and the effect on matter structure 7. Effect of temperature and pressure on motion of gas particles 8. Explain Random motion of particles (Brownian motion) and how particles random movement and collision in liquids and gases prove the kinetic theory of matter , and how particles move randomly due to being bombarded by other moving particles 9 Define and understand what is Diffusion as movement of particles from high to low concentration 10 Understand why diffusion occurs only in liquid and gas states but not in solid state 11 Describe and explain how the rate of diffusion depends on molecular mass and how the smaller the mass the greater the average speed of molecules (all molecules have same average kinetic energy at the same temperature , so smaller molecules make particles diffuse faster

SABIS GRADE 11 Chapters Topics Term 1 Term 2 Term 3

SABIS GRADE 11 Chapters Topics Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 1.Experimental techniques 2.Hydrogen gas 3.Oxygen gas 4.Water 5.Air 6.Carbon 7.Organic Chemistry 8.Nitrogen 9.Sulfur 10.Halogens 11.Metals 12.Salt preparation