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1cedca35-cc88-447f-bbba-186888504cbe AP Chemistry Cheat Sheets . . . . Summary

Filtration Chapter 1 Part 4 SABIS Grade 10 Filtration 💧 Lesson 4: Filtration 💧 Introduction: Welcome to today's lesson on filtration! Have you ever wondered how we can separate a liquid from an insoluble solid? Filtration is the answer! In this lesson, we will explore the process of filtration, its apparatus, and the concept of solubility. Get ready for an exciting journey into the world of separating mixtures! 🔍 Exploring Filtration: Filtration is a technique used to separate a liquid from an insoluble solid. Imagine you have a mixture of sand and water, and you want to separate them. Filtration is the perfect method to accomplish this task. By using a filtration apparatus, we can separate the solid particles from the liquid. 🌊 Solubility - Sugar and Salt: Before we dive into the details of filtration, let's understand a bit about solubility. Solubility refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a particular solvent. In this case, we will focus on the solubility of sugar and salt in water. 💧 Sugar's Solubility: Sugar is soluble in water, which means it can dissolve and form a homogenous mixture. Just think about when you stir sugar into a cup of tea or coffee. The sugar particles mix with the water, creating a sweet and tasty drink. 🧂 Salt's Solubility: Similar to sugar, salt is also soluble in water. When you add salt to a glass of water and stir it, the salt particles dissolve, making the water taste salty. This is because the salt molecules break down and become evenly distributed throughout the water. 🍸 Solubility in Alcohol: Now, let's explore the solubility of substances in alcohol. Unlike water, not all substances are soluble in alcohol. 🍬 Sugar's Solubility in Alcohol: Sugar is soluble in alcohol as well. You might have seen bartenders adding sugar to cocktails or using sugar to sweeten alcoholic beverages. The sugar dissolves in the alcohol, enhancing the taste of the drink. 🧂 Salt's Insolubility in Alcohol: On the other hand, salt is not soluble in alcohol. If you try to dissolve salt in alcohol, you'll notice that the salt particles do not break down and remain separate from the alcohol. 🔍 Filtration Apparatus: To carry out the process of filtration, we need specific equipment known as a filtration apparatus. The apparatus consists of several essential components: Beaker or Conical Flask: This is a container where the mixture is initially placed. It provides a suitable environment for the filtration process to take place. Funnel: The funnel is used to direct the mixture into the filter paper. Its shape allows for easy and controlled pouring of the mixture. Filter Paper: Filter paper is a special type of porous paper that acts as a barrier, allowing the liquid to pass through while trapping the solid particles. It is placed inside the funnel to collect the solid residue. Filter Stand: The filter stand holds the funnel securely in place during the filtration process. It ensures stability and prevents any accidental spills. 📝 Filtration Process: Now, let's walk through the filtration process step by step: Step 1: Set up the Filtration Apparatus: Place the filter paper inside the funnel and secure the funnel onto the filter stand. Position the funnel over a clean beaker or conical flask. Step 2: Pour the Mixture: Carefully pour the mixture containing the insoluble solid and liquid into the funnel. The liquid will pass through the filter paper, leaving the solid behind. Step 3: Collect the Filtrate: The liquid that passes through the filter paper is called the filtrate. It collects in the beaker or conical flask placed below the funnel. The filtrate is now separate from the solid. Step 4: Observe the Residue: The solid particles that remain on the filter paper are called the residue. Take a closer look at the residue to observe its characteristics and compare it to the original mixture. 🔍 Conclusion: Congratulations! You've successfully learned about filtration, solubility, and the process of separating solids from liquids. Filtration is a powerful technique that enables us to separate mixtures efficiently. Remember, solubility plays a crucial role in determining which substances can dissolve in a particular solvent. Now, you have the knowledge and skills to apply filtration in various real-life scenarios. So, the next time you encounter a mixture that needs separation, grab your filtration apparatus and embark on your own scientific adventure! Keep exploring and uncovering the wonders of chemistry! 🧪🔬✨ 📚 Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs): Which of the following best defines filtration? a) Separating a liquid from a soluble solid b) Separating a liquid from an insoluble solid c) Separating two immiscible liquids d) Separating a soluble solid from a gas What is the purpose of using filter paper in the filtration process? a) To collect the liquid b) To trap the solid particles c) To measure the volume of the liquid d) To speed up the filtration process Which of the following substances is soluble in water? a) Sugar b) Sand c) Salt d) Alcohol In which of the following solvents is salt insoluble? a) Water b) Alcohol c) Oil d) Vinegar What is the liquid that passes through the filter paper called? a) Filtrate b) Residue c) Solution d) Precipitate 🖋 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions: Filtration is the process of separating a _________ from an insoluble solid. Sugar is soluble in _________ and _________. The solid left behind on the filter paper after filtration is called _________. The apparatus used for filtration consists of a beaker or conical flask, funnel, filter paper, and filter _________. The liquid that passes through the filter paper is known as the _________. 📝 Answers: MCQs: b) Separating a liquid from an insoluble solid b) To trap the solid particles a) Sugar b) Alcohol a) Filtrate Fill-in-the-Blank Questions: liquid water, alcohol residue stand filtrate Great job! You've completed the quiz on filtration. Keep up the excellent work! 🎉✨🔬 Go To Lesson 5

754db7c7-5916-47d0-8177-cf2c1d8dde3d Recognize different formats of expressing heat of reaction Summary The heat of reaction (∆H) represents the amount of heat energy gained or lost during a chemical reaction. It can be expressed in different formats depending on the specific information provided. Let's analyze each option and identify the equivalent equations for the given reaction: a) N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ΔH = +68 kJ: This equation is an equivalent representation of the given reaction. It explicitly states that the heat of reaction (∆H) is +68 kJ, indicating that the reaction releases 68 kJ of heat energy. c) 1⁄2N2(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) ΔH = + 34 kJ: This equation is also an equivalent representation of the given reaction. It differs from the original equation by using the stoichiometric coefficients to balance the reaction. It shows that the heat of reaction (∆H) is +34 kJ, indicating the release of 34 kJ of heat energy. d) N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ΔH = +68 kJ/mol N2: This equation is another valid representation of the given reaction. It includes the molar quantity of nitrogen gas (N2) and specifies the heat of reaction (∆H) per mole of nitrogen gas. It indicates that for each mole of N2, the heat of reaction is +68 kJ. f) N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ΔH = +34 kJ/mol NO2: This equation is also an equivalent representation of the given reaction. It includes the molar quantity of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and specifies the heat of reaction (∆H) per mole of nitrogen dioxide. It indicates that for each mole of NO2, the heat of reaction is +34 kJ. The remaining options (b) and (e) are not equivalent to the given reaction: b) N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ΔH = -68 kJ: This equation incorrectly states that the heat of reaction (∆H) is -68 kJ, suggesting that the reaction absorbs 68 kJ of heat energy. This contradicts the given information of the reaction releasing heat energy. e) 1⁄2N2(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) ΔH = −34 kJ: This equation incorrectly states that the heat of reaction (∆H) is -34 kJ, indicating that the reaction absorbs 34 kJ of heat energy. Again, this contradicts the given information of the reaction releasing heat energy. In summary, the equivalent equations to the given reaction N2(g) + 2O2(g) + 68 kJ → 2NO2(g) are options a), c), d), and f). These equations accurately represent the given reaction and provide information about the heat of reaction (∆H) in various formats, including the heat change per mole of N2 or NO2.

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This is placeholder text. To change this content, double-click on the element and click Change Content. < Back Chapter 1 Exercises Page 1 Exercise SABIS Grade 11 This is placeholder text. To change this content, double-click on the element and click Change Content. These are the exercises for Equilibrium SABIS Grade 11 Chemistry Part 1 Previous Next

c324cec6-92f1-42f7-a5f0-79fbe6caa106 medium difficulty easy examples for Given the average atomic mass of an element, find the % abundance of its isotopes Summary Example 1: Average atomic mass: 32.7 Isotope A mass: 31 Isotope B mass: 34 To find the percentage abundance: Let's assume the abundance of Isotope A is x, and the abundance of Isotope B is y. Equation 1: (x * 31) + (y * 34) = 32.7 Equation 2: x + y = 100 Solving the equations, we find that x = 70 and y = 30. Answer: Isotope A: 70% abundance Isotope B: 30% abundance Example 2: Average atomic mass: 42.9 Isotope A mass: 42 Isotope B mass: 44 To find the percentage abundance: Let's assume the abundance of Isotope A is x, and the abundance of Isotope B is y. Equation 1: (x * 42) + (y * 44) = 42.9 Equation 2: x + y = 100 Solving the equations, we find that x = 60 and y = 40. Answer: Isotope A: 60% abundance Isotope B: 40% abundance Example 3: Average atomic mass: 56.4 Isotope A mass: 55 Isotope B mass: 58 To find the percentage abundance: Let's assume the abundance of Isotope A is x, and the abundance of Isotope B is y. Equation 1: (x * 55) + (y * 58) = 56.4 Equation 2: x + y = 100 Solving the equations, we find that x ≈ 62.15 and y ≈ 37.85 (rounded to two decimal places). Answer: Isotope A: Approximately 62.15% abundance Isotope B: Approximately 37.85% abundance

2bd1857b-ddbf-42b4-8439-bb9b1bde6d92 Limiting Reagent Summary The reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction and limits the amount of product that can be formed.

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52e65316-7fa3-4a7e-8500-d243a452b03e Avogadro's number Summary 🔹 Definition: Avogadro's number is the number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions) present in one mole of any substance. It is approximately 6.02 × 10^23 particles per mole. 🧪🔢 By Italian chemist Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856) ✨ Lesson: Avogadro's Number ✨ 🔬 Introduction: Avogadro's number is a crucial concept in chemistry that helps us bridge the gap between the microscopic world of atoms and molecules and the macroscopic world we observe. It allows us to quantify the vast number of particles in a substance and make meaningful calculations. Let's dive into Avogadro's number and its significance. 💡 Avogadro's Number: 🔹 Definition: Avogadro's number is the number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions) present in one mole of any substance. It is approximately 6.02 × 10^23 particles per mole. 🧪🔢 🧪 Significance of Avogadro's Number: ✅ Counting Particles: Avogadro's number provides a way to count and quantify the immense number of particles in a sample. It allows us to relate macroscopic quantities, such as mass and volume, to the microscopic realm of atoms and molecules. 📊🌌 ✅ Mole-to-Particle Conversion: Avogadro's number enables us to convert between the number of moles and the number of particles in a substance. It acts as a bridge between the macroscopic and microscopic scales. 🧪⚖️ ✅ Universal Constant: Avogadro's number is a fundamental constant in chemistry, similar to other constants like the speed of light or Planck's constant. It plays a central role in many calculations and theories. 🔬🌍 🔍 Example: Let's consider carbon-12, an isotope of carbon. One mole of carbon-12 contains exactly 6.02 × 10^23 carbon atoms. This means that in 12 grams of carbon-12, there are 6.02 × 10^23 atoms. The same applies to any other substance; one mole of any substance contains Avogadro's number of particles. 📏🧪🌱 🧪 Quiz (Basic Understanding): 1️⃣ What is Avogadro's number? a) The number of particles in one mole of a substance. b) The mass of one mole of a substance. c) The ratio of moles to particles in a substance. 2️⃣ What is the approximate value of Avogadro's number? a) 6.02 × 10^23 b) 3.14 c) 1.99 × 10^8 3️⃣ What does Avogadro's number allow us to do? a) Count and quantify the number of particles in a substance. b) Calculate the atomic mass of an element. c) Convert between temperature units. 4️⃣ How many atoms are there in one mole of a substance? a) 1 atom b) 6.02 × 10^23 atoms c) 10 atoms 🔍 Answers: 1️⃣ a) The number of particles in one mole of a substance. 2️⃣ a) 6.02 × 10^23 3️⃣ a) Count and quantify the number of particles in a substance. 4️⃣ b) 6.02 × 10^23 atoms 🌟 Fantastic! You've gained a basic understanding of Avogadro's number and its importance in chemistry. Embrace the vastness of the microscopic world and continue exploring the incredible realm of atoms and molecules! 🧪🔬✨

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