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3cb88ad5-898d-4a04-af5c-ce093b9c2069 Endothermic Summary

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d10b43ec-8ea6-45f8-acca-1a9c8141792d In general, reactions in which bonds are broken and formed tend to be slow. Summary

e7a850df-848a-4287-b637-3acb57795235 Reaction of alkali metal hydride with water: Summary Generally: MH(s) + H2O(l) → M+ (aq) + OH- (aq) + H2(g) Observations for the reaction of alkali metal hydride with water: Evolution of a gas that burns with a squeaky pop sound with a lit splint.

Chapter 3 SABIS Grade 10 Part 4 ✅Lesson 13✅: Avogadro's Number and Molar Mass 🧪📊 Let's dive into the fascinating world of Avogadro's number and molar mass! 🚀 📝 Prerequisite Quiz 📝 Choose the correct answer for each question: Avogadro's number represents the number of particles in _______. A) 1 mole of gas B) 1 gram of gas C) 1 liter of gas D) 1 cubic meter of gas A mole is defined as _______. A) 6.02 × 10²³ particles B) 6.02 × 10⁻²³ particles C) 6.02 × 10²³ grams D) 6.02 × 10⁻²³ grams Atomic mass units (amu) were introduced because _______. A) the masses of atoms and molecules are too large to be measured in grams B) the masses of atoms and molecules are too small to be measured in grams C) the masses of atoms and molecules cannot be accurately measured D) the masses of atoms and molecules are equal to their number of particles The atomic mass of carbon-12 is defined as _______. A) 12 amu B) 6 amu C) 1 amu D) 24 amu The conversion factor from grams to amu is _______. A) 1 gram = 6.02 × 10²³ amu B) 1 gram = 1 amu C) 1 gram = 12 amu D) 1 gram = 1/6.02 × 10²³ amu Awesome! Let's check your answers. 📝✅ Explanation: Avogadro's number, which is approximately 6.02 × 10²³, represents the number of particles in one mole of a substance. A mole is a unit that allows us to count particles on a macroscopic scale. The concept of atomic mass units (amu) was introduced because the masses of single atoms and molecules are too small to be measured in grams. One amu is defined as 1/12th of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. By using conversion factors, we can convert between grams and amu. Now, let's move on to the next section to explore more about molar mass and its applications. 💡🔬 Examples: Suppose we have a sample of oxygen gas (O2). Each oxygen atom has an atomic mass of 16 amu. The molecular mass of oxygen gas (O2) is obtained by adding the atomic masses of two oxygen atoms, which gives us 16 + 16 = 32 amu. Let's consider a mole of oxygen gas (O2). Since the molecular mass of O2 is 32 amu, the mass of one mole of oxygen gas is 32 grams. This relationship holds true for any substance: the molar mass of a substance expressed in grams is numerically equal to its molecular or atomic mass expressed in atomic mass units (amu). End of Lesson Quiz 📝🔍 Now, let's test your knowledge with a few questions: What is the molar mass of carbon dioxide (CO2)? A) 12 grams B) 22 grams C) 44 grams D) 32 grams How many moles of hydrogen atoms are there in one mole of water (H2O)? A) 1 mole B) 2 moles C) 3 moles D) 4 moles The volume of one mole of any gas at STP conditions is _______. A) 22.4 cm³ B) 22.4 dm³ C) 22.4 liters D) 22.4 m³ The molecular formula of glucose (C6H12O6) corresponds to _______. A) 6 moles of carbon atoms, 12 moles of hydrogen atoms, and 6 moles of oxygen atoms B) 1 mole of carbon atoms, 2 moles of hydrogen atoms, and 1 mole of oxygen atoms C) 12 moles of carbon atoms, 6 moles of hydrogen atoms, and 12 moles of oxygen atoms D) 6 moles of carbon atoms, 6 moles of hydrogen atoms, and 6 moles of oxygen atoms Brilliant! You've completed Lesson 13 with flying colors. Avogadro's number and molar mass are crucial concepts in chemistry that help us understand the relationships between particles and their masses. If you have any questions, feel free to ask. Keep up the great work! 🌟😊

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Lesson 40 Chapter 7 SABIS Grade 10 Part 2 Review Lesson 40 🔬 Chapter 7 part 2 Review 1️⃣8️⃣: 🌬️ Which are the 10 elements that exist as gases at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)? ➡️ Answer: Hydrogen, Helium, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Neon, Chlorine, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon 🎈 1️⃣9️⃣: 💧 Can you name the 2 elements that exist as liquids at STP? ➡️ Answer: Mercury and Bromine are the ones! 💦 2️⃣0️⃣: 🔌 What properties help us distinguish between metals and non-metals? ➡️ Answer: The key is electrical conductivity. Metals usually conduct electricity, while non-metals don't. ⚡ 2️⃣1️⃣: 🌡️ Which elements exist as liquids at room conditions? ➡️ Answer: Room temperature brings no changes! It's still Mercury and Bromine that exist as liquids. 🌡️ 2️⃣2️⃣: 🧪 Which gaseous elements react with Potassium (K) to form white solids? ➡️ Answer: The elements are Hydrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, and Chlorine. 💨 2️⃣3️⃣: 🏠 In the family of inert elements, which 5 gases are there? ➡️ Answer: The quiet family members are Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon. 2️⃣4️⃣: 🧩 Which 5 elements have one electron less than a noble gas and correspond to atomic numbers (Z) 1, 9, 17, 35, 53? ➡️ Answer: Those elements are Hydrogen (Z=1), Fluorine (Z=9), Chlorine (Z=17), Bromine (Z=35), and Iodine (Z=53). ✨ 2️⃣5️⃣: ➕ What are the 5 elements with one electron more than a noble gas, with Z = 3, 11, 19, 37, 55? ➡️ Answer: These are Lithium (Z=3), Sodium (Z=11), Potassium (Z=19), Rubidium (Z=37), and Cesium (Z=55). 🔋 2️⃣6️⃣: 👥 What are the common properties of Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, and Cesium? ➡️ Answer: They are shiny solids, stored under kerosene or water, and they all react with chlorine. 🎇 2️⃣7️⃣: 🔢 If Element B is placed to the right of Element A in the Periodic Table, what does it imply? ➡️ Answer: Element B has one more proton in its nucleus than Element A. ➡️ 2️⃣8️⃣: 🗃️ Can you clarify what "row" and "group" mean in the Periodic Table context? ➡️ Answer: Elements in one row belong to one period, while elements in one group are in one column. Also, elements in one column share similar chemical properties. 📊 2️⃣9️⃣: 🧲 Where are metals and nonmetals located in the Periodic Table? ➡️ Answer: Generally, metals are on the left, and nonmetals are on the right. ↔️ 3️⃣0️⃣: 🌈 What is true about the transition metals? ➡️ Answer: They fall between groups 2 and 3 in the Periodic Table, can form more than one charged ion, and form colored compounds. 🌈 3️⃣1️⃣: 🌡️ What can you say about the variation of boiling points and melting points of the noble gases with their atomic number? ➡️ Answer: The boiling points and melting points of the noble gases increase with the increase in atomic number. ⬆️ 3️⃣2️⃣: 🔵 What electron arrangement around a nucleus makes the atom or ion stable? ➡️ Answer: Electron arrangement of 2, 10, 18, 36 around a nucleus makes the atom or ion stable. 💠 3️⃣3️⃣: 🎈 Which property of helium is incorrect? ➡️ Answer: The incorrect statement is: In nature, helium exists as He2 molecules and it reacts with oxygen at high temperatures to form He2O. ❌ 3️⃣4️⃣: 💤 What is true about Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn? ➡️ Answer: They each have 10, 18, 36 electrons around the nucleus, respectively, and can react under certain conditions to give very unstable compounds. They are also known as "noble" gases. 👑 3️⃣5️⃣: 🧂 Why is sodium chloride a very stable compound? ➡️ Answer: Sodium chloride is very stable because Na+ ion has 10 electrons around it and the Cl- ion has 18 electrons around it. These configurations mimic those of noble gases. 🧪 3️⃣6️⃣: 🍳 What is true about Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr? ➡️ Answer: They are soft, shiny solids, easily cut with a knife. They are also known as Alkali metals, each having one more electron than a noble gas. They form stable 1+ ions which have a noble gas electron arrangement. 💎 3️⃣7️⃣: 💡 How do scientists explain the electrical conductivity of metals? ➡️ Answer: The electrical conductivity of metals is explained by the presence of free electrons that can move throughout the metallic crystal without specific attachment to particular atoms. ⚡ 3️⃣8️⃣: 🔥 What is the trend in the boiling points and the melting points of alkali metals? ➡️ Answer: The boiling points and melting points of the alkali metals decrease with the increase in atomic number. 🔻 3️⃣9️⃣: ⚗️ Which of the following is true about alkali metals? ➡️ Answer: Alkali metals are very reactive and form very stable compounds. They also react vigorously with oxygen and chlorine. 🌋 4️⃣0️⃣: 🎯 What does it mean for a chemical compound to be "stable"? ➡️ Answer: A chemical compound is said to be "stable" if it has relatively low levels of potential energy. ⚖️

Lesson 42 Chapter 7 SABIS Grade 10 Part 3 Review Lesson 42 🔬Chapter 7 Part 3 Review 🔎 Sample Question 41: Ionic Bonds Formation Reactions of the alkali metals with chlorine 🎨💥🧪 What Happens When an Ionic Bond Forms? ⚛️ Which is true when ionic bonds form? a) An atom loses an electron that is gained by another atom. 🔄 b) The result is a positive ion and a negative ion. 🔵🔴 c) The total potential energy of the system is lowered, and the difference in energy is released as heat. 🌡️💡 d) Ions will be surrounded by oppositely charged ions, resulting in compounds that are solids at room temperature. 🧱 e) Every two oppositely charged ions form a molecule bonded by the ionic bond, and this molecule is loosely attracted to neighboring molecules. 🔗💫 Reactions of the alkali metals with water, hydrogen, Flame test for Li+, Na+ and K+ 🎇💧🔬 Sample Question 42: Test for Li+, Na+ and K+ How could you distinguish between lithium chloride, sodium chloride and potassium chloride using a flame test? 🕯️ A red flame indicates lithium ions. 🔴 A yellow-orange flame indicates sodium ions. 🟠 A lilac flame indicates potassium ions. 🟣 Summary of chemistry of the alkali metals, 7.6 The Halogens 🧠💡⚗️ Sample Question 43: About Halogens Which is true about F, Cl, Br, I, At? a) They are inert (in the elementary state). 🛡️ b) They are called the alkali metals. 🥈 c) In nature, they are found as diatomic molecules. ⚛️ d) They are called the halogens. 💡 e) They constitute group 7 of the periodic table. 7️⃣ 7.6.1 Physical properties of the halogens 🌡️📊💡 Sample Question 44: State of the Halogens Under Normal Conditions Under room temperature and pressure, which is true about F, Cl, Br, I, At? a) They are all gases. 💨 b) Fluorine and chlorine are gases, and the rest are solids. 💨🧱 c) Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid and the rest are solids. 💨💧🧱 d) Fluorine, chlorine and bromine are gases, iodine is a liquid and astatine is a solid. 💨💧🧱 e) They are soft solids. 🧽 7.6.2 Covalent bonding in the halogens ⚛️🔗💡 Sample Question 45: What Happens When a Covalent Bond Forms? Which is true when a covalent bond forms? a) An atom loses an electron that is gained by another atom. 🔄 b) Each of two atoms provides one electron so an electron pair is shared. 👥 c) Each atom "feels" the presence of additional electron going around it. 🎡 d) Ions will be surrounded by oppositely charged ions, resulting in compounds that are solid at room temperature. 🧱 e) The two atoms sharing a pair of electrons stay together because the sharing gives them a state of lower potential energy. 🔒

Lesson 41 More Families of Elements & Periodic Trends Chapter 7 SABIS Grade 10 Part 3 Lesson 41 More Families of Elements & Periodic Trends Points explained Meaning of the word “stable” Reactions of the alkali metals with chlorine Reactions of the alkali metals with water Reactions of the alkali metals with hydrogen Flame test for Li+ , Na+ and K+ Summary of chemistry of the alkali metals 7.6 The Halogens 7.6.1 Physical properties of the halogens 7.6.2 Covalent bonding in the halogens Defining a covalent bond Differences between covalent and ionic bonding 7.6.3 Boiling points and melting points of the halogens 7.6.4 Atomic radii and volumes 7.6.5 Chemistry of the halogens Reactions with the alkali metals Summary 7.6.6 Chemistry of the halide ions The halides are stable Test for the halide ions Relative reactivity of the halogens 7.7 Hydrogen - A Family by Itself 7.7.1 Physical properties 7.7.2 Chemistry of hydrogen Reaction with the alkali metals 7.8 The Third-row Elements 7.8.1 Physical properties of the third-row elements 7.8.2 Compounds of the third-row elements The hydrides The chlorides The oxides Summary 7.9 The periodic table: chemical reactivity 🔬Understanding Stability, Alkali Metals & Halogens 📚Pre-Requisite Questions: What does it mean for an element to be "stable"? 🤔 What happens when alkali metals react with chlorine? 🧪 Can you describe the flame test results for Li+, Na+, and K+? 🔥 Break for Reflection 🤔✍️ (Answers: 1. A stable element has a full outer electron shell and doesn't tend to react. 2. When alkali metals react with chlorine, they form ionic salts. 3. Li+ burns with a crimson flame, Na+ with a yellow flame, and K+ with a lilac flame.) 🚀 Lesson Begins! 🧱 Meaning of the Word “Stable” In the chemistry world, "stable" doesn't mean standing still! It means an atom has a full outer shell of electrons and is not looking to react. They're like that chill friend who's content with what they have! 😌 💥Reactions of the Alkali Metals 💦With Water Splash alert! Alkali metals react violently with water, producing heat, hydrogen gas, and an alkali metal hydroxide. Think of it as a bath bomb that's too explosive for the tub! 🛀💣 🎈With Hydrogen Pairing up! Alkali metals can combine with hydrogen to form metal hydrides, releasing energy in the process. It's like an energetic dance duo! 💃🕺 🔥Flame Test for Li+, Na+, and K+ Ready for some fireworks? 🎆 In the flame test, Li+ produces a red/crimson flame, Na+ gives a yellow flame, and K+ presents a lilac flame. It's like a mini festival of lights in the lab! 🎇 7.6 The Halogens The Halogens, just like the Alkali Metals, are an interesting bunch. They're like the goths of the periodic table, always looking to gain an electron to achieve stability. 🕶️💀 🧪Covalent Bonding in the Halogens Halogens form covalent bonds by sharing electrons. Imagine sharing your favorite pizza with a friend—that's how halogens share electrons to become stable. 🍕❤️ 🔥Boiling Points and Melting Points of the Halogens Halogens have higher boiling and melting points as we move down the group, thanks to the increasing number of electrons which cause stronger intermolecular forces. It's like adding more logs to the fire—the more you have, the higher the flame! 🏕️🔥 ⚖️Atomic Radii and Volumes Atomic radii also increase as we go down the group. It's kind of like siblings—the older ones tend to be bigger! 🧑🤝🧑 🔥Chemistry of the Halogens Halogens are pretty reactive. Their reactions with alkali metals form ionic salts, and they're not shy about displacing less reactive halogens. It's like a game of musical chairs! 🎶🪑 7.7 Hydrogen - A Family by Itself Hydrogen is unique. Despite being the lightest and simplest element, its properties don't quite fit into any group. So, it charts its own path—just like a lone wolf. 🐺⛰️ 7.8 The Third-row Elements The third-row elements are like the middle kids of the periodic table. They have their quirks and surprises! So, let's dive deeper into their physical properties and compounds. 🏊♂️🌊 7.9 The Periodic Table: Chemical Reactivity The periodic table is not just a chart; it's a tale of reactivity, trends, and atomic friendships. Keep exploring, keep learning! 🚀 Review Questions: What is meant by a stable element? a. It has a full outer electron shell b. It has no protons c. It is radioactive d. None of the above What happens when alkali metals react with water? a. Nothing b. They dissolve c. They produce heat and hydrogen gas d. They turn into halogens Which element doesn't fit well into any group in the periodic table? a. Hydrogen b. Helium c. Oxygen d. Nitrogen Which of the following is NOT a property of the halogens? a. They form ionic bonds b. They form covalent bonds c. They have high boiling and melting points d. They are very reactive (Answers: 1. a, 2. c, 3. a, 4. a) End of Lesson 3 ⭐Keep studying, keep learning!⭐

180e52b7-610c-488e-8980-d325645265cb Decomposition Summary A chemical reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.