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Explain the Changes of state in terms of the Kinetic Theory IGCSE CHEMISTRY CAMBRIDGE 1.Particulate Nature of Matter 1.2 Changes in States Of Matter Back to Chapter 1 Menu Notes : Freezing : From liquid to solid Melting : From solid to liquid Boiling : From liquid to gas Condensation : From gas to liquid Sublimation : From Solid to gas directly Explain the Changes of state in terms of the Kinetic Theory To Change Matter from one physical state to another a certain amount of energy has to be absorbed or released. The amount of energy needed depends on the strength of the attraction forces between the particles of the substance. The stronger the forces of attraction between the particles the larger the amount of energy required. Melting Changing from a solid to liquid state by heating . Heat is absorbed to break the bonds between the solid particles and change it into liquid ( heat is changed into kinetic energy which makes the particles vibrate faster so it can break the bonds between them and change into liquid state). Happens at the Melting point. Boiling Changing from a liquid to gas state by heating . Occurs below the surface of the liquid. Requires heat to be absorbed to break the bonds between the liquid particles and change it into gas ( heat is changed into kinetic energy which makes the particles move faster so it can break the bonds between them and change into gas state ). Happens at the Boiling point. Evaporation Changing from a liquid to gas state. occurs only at the surface of the liquid. Requires heat to be absorbed to break the bonds between the liquid particles and change it into gas ( heat is changed into kinetic energy which makes the particles move faster so it can break the bonds between them). Freezing Changing from a liquid to solid state by decreasing temperature . Requires heat to be released (lost from system) to make new bonds between the liquid particles and change it into solid ( losing heat decreases the kinetic energy of the particles which makes the particles move slower and stick together) Happens at the Freezing point. Note : Freezing point and Melting point has the same value it depends only in the direction of change in state From Solid to liquid (Melting point) From liquid to solid (Freezing point) Condensation Changing from a gas to liquid state. Requires heat to be released (lost from system) to make new bonds between the gas particles and change it into liquid ( losing heat decreases the kinetic energy of the particles which makes the particles move slower) Note that condensation is the opposite of evaporation Sublimation Changing from a solid to gas directly. It happens in certain types of substances , and is related to the nature of the substance not to the method of heating. example : Solid iodine , solid carbon dioxide , solid ammonium chloride. The reverse reaction also happens and is also called sometimes called deposition or de-sublimation. Sublimation occurs at a specific temperature which is unique for a pure substance. Describe qualitatively the pressure and the temperature of a gas in terms of motion of its particles As mentioned earlier the particles of gas moves rapidly and randomly in all directions this causes the particles of gas to collide with each other and with the walls of its container. this causes the particles to exert pressure. The Higher the temperature the more rapid the particles will hit each other and collide with the walls of the container exerting higher pressure. When the gas is compressed to a smaller volume , the particles also hit each other more frequently and hit the walls more frequently increasing the gas pressure. List of Topics Download as PDF

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SABIS Grade 10 Exam Help: Explanations, Answers, Practice Questions, AMS HW, Periodic, Final. Al Choeuifat School ,Course Questions Basic Notes Chapter 1 Laboratory Skills and Techniques  Chapter 2 Revision of the scientific method  Chapter 3 The Atomic Theory  Chapter 4 Chemical Reactions  Chapter 5 The Gas Phase  Chapter 6 The Condensed phase of the matter  Ch 7 Structure of the atom and the periodic table  Ch 8 Energy effects in the chemical reactions  Ch9 The Rates of chemical reactions  K-Chemistry.Com Expert Chemistry Tuition and Study Materials SABIS Grade 10 CHEMISTRY 😋 Free Material Chapter 1 Laboratory Skills and Techniques Final Revision , Basic Questions ,Course Questions ,Notes Chapter 2 Revision of the scientific method Final Revision , Basic Questions ,Course Questions, Notes Chapter 3 The Atomic Theory Final Revision Notes , Basic Questions ,Course Questions, Notes Chapter 4 Chemical Reactions Basic Questions Part 1 , Answers Basic Questions Part 2 , Answers Course Questions, Notes Chapter 5 The Gas Phase Notes , Basic Questions ,Course Questions ,Final Revision Chapter 6 The Condensed phase of the matter Notes , Basic Questions ,Course Questions Chapter 7 Structure of the atom and the periodic table Notes , Basic Questions ,Course Questions Chapter 8 Energy effects in the chemical reactions Notes , Basic Questions ,Course Questions Chapter 9 The Rates of chemical reactions Notes , Basic Questions ,Course Questions Answer To Grid Questions Notes School Files 😋 Free Material 😋 Free Material 😋 Free Material 😋 Free Material 😋 Free Material 😋 Free Material Home

Particulate Nature of Matter for IGCSE CIE Skills required 1. Know that all matter is made of particles 2. Compare All matter states according to arrangement of particles and how close they are together 3. Describe the attraction forces between these particles , and the type and speed of particles motion 4. Compare physical and chemical changes to matter 5. Explain what is meant by Evaporation Boiling Condensation Melting Freezing Sublimation 6. Show how changes of physical states can be explained according to kinetic theory relating effect of temperature change on particles movement , kind of attraction forces and the effect on matter structure 7. Effect of temperature and pressure on motion of gas particles 8. Explain Random motion of particles (Brownian motion) and how particles random movement and collision in liquids and gases prove the kinetic theory of matter , and how particles move randomly due to being bombarded by other moving particles 9 Define and understand what is Diffusion as movement of particles from high to low concentration 10 Understand why diffusion occurs only in liquid and gas states but not in solid state 11 Describe and explain how the rate of diffusion depends on molecular mass and how the smaller the mass the greater the average speed of molecules (all molecules have same average kinetic energy at the same temperature , so smaller molecules make particles diffuse faster

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