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Chapter 7 SABIS Grade 10 Part 1

Lesson 37 Structure of the atom and the periodic table

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Chapter 7 Structure of the atom and the periodic table

Lesson 1 Content

7.1 Structure of the Atom

7.1.1 The nuclear atom

7.1.2 What the nucleus contains

7.1.3 Nuclei of atoms of the same element

7.1.4 Neutral atoms and the formation of ions

7.1.5 Mass of subatomic particles

7.1.6 The nuclear model

7.1.7 The sizes of atoms 7.1.8 Atomic number

7.1.9 Mass number

Symbols to refer to elements in chemical reactions

Symbols to refer to atomic nuclei

7.1.10 Isotopes



Pre-Requisite Questions:

  1. What are the three main particles that make up an atom? 🧐

  2. Can you recall what an ion is? 💡

  3. What is the significance of the atomic number of an element? 🤔

  4. What do you understand by the term 'isotopes'? 🤨

  5. What's the main difference between a cation and an anion? 🙄

(Answers: 1. Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons. 2. An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. 3. The atomic number of an element represents the number of protons in its nucleus. 4. Isotopes are variants of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. 5. Cations are positively charged ions, and anions are negatively charged ions.)

🎯Lesson Begins

📍What's Inside the Atom?

Atoms are like the invisible LEGO blocks that make up everything we see and touch. An atom consists of subatomic particles—protons, neutrons, and electrons. 😲 Imagine an atom as a tiny solar system, with a nucleus at the center like the sun and electrons whizzing around like planets. 🌞🪐

🏟️Nuclear Atom

The center, or nucleus, of the atom is where we find the protons and neutrons. Protons carry a positive charge (like the positive vibe in a party 🥳), and neutrons have no charge—they're the cool, neutral folks at the party. ⚖️

📏Size of an Atom

Atoms are incredibly tiny. The diameter of an atom—the distance between two adjacent nuclei—is in the order of 10^-10 meters. 📏That's about a hundred million times smaller than an apple seed! 🍎 The diameter of the nucleus is even tinier, at about 10^-14 meters. Picture a pea in the middle of a football stadium—that's how empty an atom is! 🏈🏟️

⚖️Mass of an Atom

The protons and neutrons together are known as nucleons. They're the heavyweight champs of the atom, with most of the mass concentrated in the nucleus. 🏋️‍♂️ On the other hand, electrons are featherweights, weighing about 1/1840 the mass of a proton.

🔋Charge of an Atom

An atom, like your favorite superhero, is electrically neutral—meaning it has an equal number of positive protons and negative electrons, balancing each other out. 💪

🔄Formation of Ions

Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons. Losing an electron forms a cation (a positively charged ion), kind of like losing weight and becoming positively happier! 🤸‍♂️🎈 Conversely, gaining an electron forms an anion (a negatively charged ion), like gaining responsibilities and getting negatively stressed! 😓📚

🔢Atomic Number and Mass Number

Think of the atomic number (Z) as the ID card of an element—it tells us the number of protons in an atom. In a neutral atom, it also equals the number of electrons. The mass number (A), on the other hand, is like the total weight of an atom—it adds up the number of protons (P) and neutrons (N) in an atom. Simple math, right? 1️⃣2️⃣3️⃣

🎭Isotopes

Isotopes are like the twins of an element. They have the same atomic number, but a different mass number. For example, hydrogen (1H), deuterium (2H), and tritium (3H) are all isotopes of hydrogen—they all have 1 proton, but a different number of neutrons (0, 1, and 2 respectively). It's like different flavors of your favorite ice cream—different tastes, but still ice cream! 🍨

Review Questions:

  1. What is the order of the diameter of an atom? a. 10^-10 m b. 10^-14 m c. 10^10 m d. 10^14 m

  2. What do we call an atom that has gained or lost electrons? a. Isotope b. Ion c. Cation d. Neutron

  3. Which particle is found inside the nucleus of an atom? a. Protons b. Neutrons c. Electrons d. Both a and b

  4. Which of these is the best definition of isotopes? a. Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. b. Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of electrons. c. Atoms with the same number of neutrons but different number of protons. d. None of the above

  5. An atom that has more protons than electrons is called? a. A cation b. An anion c. A neutron d. An electron

(Answers: 1. a, 2. b, 3. d, 4. a, 5. a)


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